Fiber-optic communication

Palais J C 1992 Fiber Optic Communication 3rd edn (Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall) Tanenbaum AS 1996 Computer Networks 3rd edn (Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall)... 

AgraWal G P 1997 Fiber-Optic Communication Systems (New York Wiley-Interscience)... 

PCTFEin pLUORINECOMPOUNDS,ORGANIC - POLYCm.OROTRIFLUOROETTTVLENE] (Volll) Fiber optic communications... 

In photodetectors (qv) for photocouplers, optical switches, fiber optics, communication, and imaging, the materials used are InGaAs, InGaAsP, and... 

The supplanting of germanium-based semiconductor devices by shicon devices has almost eliminated the use of indium in the related ahoy junction (see Semiconductors). Indium, however, is finding increased use in III—V compound semiconductors such as indium phosphide [22398-80-7] for laser diodes used in fiber optic communication systems (see Electronic materials Fiber optics Light generation). Other important indium-containing semiconductors include indium arsenide [1303-11-3] indium antimonide [1312-41 -0] and copper—indium—diselenide [12018-95-0]. 

In the early 1990s, there were more than 9 x 10 km of fiber-optical telecommunication links in practical use in the United States. In addition, many other countries, notably Canada, Japan, and western Europe, have installed extensive fiber-optic communication systems. There are several transoceanic fiber-based telephone cables. Fibers are in use for intracity telephone links, where bulky copper [7440-50-8] wine is replaced by thin optical fibers. This allows crowded conduits in large cities to carry more messages than if copper wine were used. Fiber optics are used for intercity long-haul telephone links, for interoffice tmnk lines, and have replaced many microwave communication links. 

However, optical fiber communications are not useful only for long-distance communication links. Fiber-optic data links are also used in a variety of short-distance systems, for example in computer—computer links and for internal communications on ships and aircraft. Figure 16 shows some possible appHcations for fiber-optic communications, with respect to length and bit rate. The common carrier appHcations, like telephone links. He to the upper right of the dashed line labeled 100 MHzkm. However, a wide variety of other lower performance appHcations, illustrated to the lower left of the dashed line, are in use or under development. 

Fig. 16. Applications of fiber-optic communication systems as a function of length between repeater stations and system bandwidth. AppHcations to the...

Photodiode (LED) Pin photodiode Cameras, strobes, illuminators, remote controls, IR sensors Fiber-optic communications, liber links... 

In January 1992. E. Desurvire (Columbia University Center for Telecommunications Research) reported that optical fibers made from silica glass and traces of erbium can amplify light signals when they are energized by infrared radiation. Desurvire developed an efficient radiation source (referred (o as a laser diode chip) that, when integrated into a fiber optic communication system, can increase transmission capacity by a factor of 10(1. 

Agrawal, G. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1997. 

H. B. Killer, Fiber Optic Communications, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1991. 

Fiber optic sensors based on polymer swelling offer several potential advantages. They can be designed so that the optical measurement is separated from the polymer by a diaphragm so that the measurement can not be affected by the optical properties of the sample. Unlike fiber optic sensors based on indicator absorbance or luminescence, photodegradation is not a potential source of sensor instability. Measurements can be made in the near infrared region of the spectrum and take advantage of inexpensive components available for fiber optic communications. 

TTL chips) and on the order of 1 V or less for the fastest semiconductor chips. If EO modulators are to be used in fiber optic communication links, it can be noted that the link gain is inversely proportional to (VTC)2 and the noise figure is directly proportional to (V )2. The higher the electro-optic activity of materials (and thus the lower the of the EO device) the better Drive voltages in the order of 1 V or less are required for lossless (transparent) communication links. 

The other required piece of hardware for small, portable Raman spectrometers was a miniature laser. Diode lasers have become the mainstay for CD players and for fiber optic communication systems thus they are readily available as Raman sources. The instrument shown in Fig. 2-29 integrates a... 

Palais, J. C. In Fiber Optic Communications, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, New York, 1998. 

G>) If you were to take more data, where would you place the points Why GalnAs films are important materials in fiber optic communication and in high-speed microelectronic devices. A preliminary reaction between trieth-ylindium and arsine is carried out to form an intermediate, which is then used in the deposition to form GalnAs. The reaction is... 

InP Can be alloyed with GaAs (In ,Gai cAsyPi 3 ) to emit light with wavelength that depends upon stoichiometry Widespread use in light sources for fiber-optic communications at 1.3 pm Some microwave devices, radiation-hard solar cells... 

The linear electrooptic effect is tlie change in the index of refraction of a medium due to the presence of a dc or low-frequency electric field, in such a manner that the change in the index of refraction depends linearly in the strength of the low-frequency electric field. The linear electrooptic effect is tlie mechanism behind optical intensity modulators that are used in optical switching and fiber-optics communications, where the optical signal is modulated at high frequencies (out to 110 GHz) [7-9],... 

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