Slow-release fertilizers

IBDU . [Mitsubishi Kasei] Nitrogen fertilizer slow release fertiUzer. 

Slow-Release Fertilizers. Products containing urea—formaldehyde are used to manufacture slow-release fertilisers. These products can be either soHds, Hquid concentrates, orHquid solutions. This market consumes almost 6% of the formaldehyde produced (115) (see Controlled release TECHNOLOGY, AGRICULTURAL). 

Isobutyhdene diurea (IBDU), a slow release fertilizer, is formed from isobutyraldehyde and two moles of urea. 

Urea—Other Aldehyde Reaction Products. Urea can also react with other aldehydes to form slow release nitrogen fertilizers. However, cost constraints associated with higher aldehydes have either precluded or limited broad commercial development of these products. Two exceptions are isobutyhdene diurea (IBDU), registered trademark of Vigoro Industries, and crotonyHdene diurea (CDU), registered trademark of Chisso-Asahi Fertilizer Co. 

For many applications, the main need is for agglomerated particles having an open particulate array which rapidly dissolves (as in some pharmaceuticals), while in others a more dense structure is required giving a slow release of its components (as in fertilizers). 

Biochar from dairy manure also has pofenfial for environmenfal remediation or for creating slow release phosphorus fertilizers (Cau and Harris, 2010). Dairy manure was converted by heating at temperatures below pyrolysis temperatures (< 500 °C) and in the presence of air. The potential benefit for lowering GHGs was nof defermined but the products have the potential of creating new markets for manure. 

The reservoir of energy and mineral nutrients represented by litter is a very important resource in natural ecosystems with closed nutrient cycles. The growth of new green plant tissue depends on the slow release of nutrients by decomposer organisms. In agroecosystems geared for high production, litter is often removed or burned, and fertilizer is added to the soil the nutrient cycle is open and subsidized. 

Triazones form ammonium ions much more slowly than urea. Slow-release potassium is also being developed. A coating of sulfur seems to delay its release. For phosphorus Mg(NH4)P04 is becoming popular because it has a slower dissolution rate in the soil. Despite the simple chemicals used in most fertilizers, some interesting research and formulation work will keep chemists involved in the industry for some time to come. 

Seed tapes from Ecoflex have to provide sufficient strength in the sowing or drilling process, without damaging the seed or germination. Fertilizer tapes have to release the fertilizer slowly to the roots of the plants. In both cases, Ecoflex tapes can provide good strength and slow release performance. 

The International Landmark Environmental, Inc., Aminoplast Capillary Technology (ACT) is an absorbent product for hydrocarbon and petroleum-based liquids. It can be used for contamination in soil or on surfaces, including liquid surfaces because the material is hydrophobic (will not absorb water) and floats. According to the vendor, ACT also has bioremediative characteristics, acting as a slow release fertilizer, enconraging microbe growth for the break down of toxic waste liquids. 

Isobutyraldehyde reacts with aqueous ammonia at 0—10°C to give hexahydro-2,4,6-triisopropyl-x-triazine, (4) (18), whereas under refluxing conditions the eneazomethine [5339-41-3], (5), is formed (19). Isobutyraldehyde condenses with two mole equivalents of urea in the presence of an acid catalyst to give isobutylidenediurea [2224-20-6] (IBDU), (6) a slow release fertilizer (20). 

Oxamide, This diamide is sparingly soluble in water and insoluble 111 various organic solvents. It melts at about 350°C, with accompanying decomposition. Because of the low solubility in water, the compound is granulated and used as a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer. Conventional nitrogen ferdlizers such as ammonium sulfate, urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium phosphate, are soluble in water, and thus are easily lost as... 

The main applications for PVA are in textile sizing, adhesives, polymerization stabilizers, paper coating, poly(vinyl butyial), and PVA fibers. In terms of percentage, and omitting the production of PVA not isolated prior to conversion into poly(vinyl butyral), the principal applications are textile sizes, at 30% adhesives, including use as a protective colloid, at 25% fibers, at 15% paper sizes, at 15%, poly(vinyl butyral), at 10% and others, at 5%, which include water-soluble films, nonwoven fabric binders, thickeners, slow-release binders for fertilizer, photoprinting plates, sponges for cosmetic, and health care applications. 

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