Feminization

Compounds Affecting Rq>roduction Compounds that can affect reproductive function include several drugs and occupationally important chemicals such as solvents and pesticides as well as a number of environmentally relevant com-fxrunds. A group of chemical compounds that has received much attention recently is endocrine disrupters, many of which are halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g., PCBs. These are known to induce feminization in fish and other animal species.1.5/ There is intense debate about the significance of these compounds to human health. Tobacco smoke and ethyl alcohol also have major effects on human reproduction, the effects of alcohol being especially important. Table 5.17 lists compounds that may disturb the functions of female and male reproductive functions. 

Androgens act via the AR and play an important role in the development and differentiation of the male sexual organ. Furthermore, they are involved in several diseases, the most important being partial and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS formerly known as the testicular feminization syndrome), spinal and bulbar muscle atrophy (SBMA Kennedy s disease), and the neoplastic transformation of the prostate. The two natural occurring androgens are testosterone (T) and the... 

The male patient with inoperable prostatic carcinoma also may have concerns about taking a female hormone. The nurse assures the patient that the dosage is carefully regulated and that feminizing effects, if they occur, are usually minimal. 

Oestro-Feminal (Mack, Di-Met (Organon)-comb. estropipate) wfm... 

Spironolactone is an antiandrogen which blocks androgen-receptors, alters steroidogenesis by adrenals and gonads and inhibits 5-a reductase. In doses of 100-200 mg daily it reduces sebum production and improves inflammatory acne in women. During treatment, birth control measures are required due to the risk of male fetus feminization. 

Finally, there is evidence that constituents of technical DDT can have a feminizing effect on avian embryos (for further discussion, see Chapter 15, Section 15.6). Of... 

Filby, A.L., Thorpe, K.L., Maack, G. et al. (2007b). Gene expression profiles revealing the mechanisms of anti-androgen and estrogen-induced feminization in fish. Aquatic... 

Piferrer, F. (2001). Endocrine sex control strategies for the feminization of teleost fish. Aquaculture 197, 229-281. 

Hart CA, Nisbet IC, Kennedy SW, Hahn ME. 2003. Gonadal feminization and halogenated environmental contaminants in Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) evidence that ovotestes in male embryos do not persist to the prefledging stage. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 12 125-140. 

Smith, Catherine. "Mysticism and feminism." In Women of spirit female leadership in the Jewish and Christian traditions, eds. Rosemary Radford Ruether and Eleanor McLaughlin. New York , 1979. 

Smith, Catherine. "Mysticism and feminism Jacob Boehme and Jane Lead." In Women and men the consequences of power, eds. D. Hiller and R. Sheets. Cincinnati (OH) Univ of Cincinnati P, 1977. 

Wolbachia endosymbionts are abundant in arthropods, where they promote a variety of reproductive manipulations, including feminization of genetic males, parthenogenesis and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Wolbachia is also present in filarial nematodes and has recently attracted a great deal of attention. This chapter reviews the studies so far published and discusses potential implications and future research prospects. Since this is a relatively young field, the chapter will also refer to unpublished studies and will include some speculation. The aim is to stimulate further work on the subject. 

Bouchon, D., Rigaud, T. and Juchault, P. (1998) Evidence for widespread Wolbachia infection in isopod crustaceans molecular identification and host feminization. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265, 1081-1090. 

Nakamura M, Nagoya H, Hirai T (2002) Nonylphenol induces complete feminization of the gonad in genetically controlled all-male amago salmon. Fish Sci 68 1387-1389... 

This material is hazardous through inhalation, skin absorption, penetration through broken skin, ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. It is known to mimic estrogen in the body (hyperestrogenism). In animals, it has caused feminization of male animals and interfered with conception, ovulation, and fetal development in female animals. Specific signs and symptoms of acute high-dose exposure to zearalenone have not been established or have not been published. 

Divine Feminine Theosophy and Feminism in England. Baltimore Johns... 

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