Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

Androgens act via the AR and play an important role in the development and differentiation of the male sexual organ. Furthermore, they are involved in several diseases, the most important being partial and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS formerly known as the testicular feminization syndrome), spinal and bulbar muscle atrophy (SBMA Kennedy s disease), and the neoplastic transformation of the prostate. The two natural occurring androgens are testosterone (T) and the... 

Cermak JM, Krenzer KL, Sullivan RM, et al. Is complete androgen insensitivity syndrome associated with alterations in the meibomian gland and ocular surface Cornea 2003 22 516-521. 

Furthermore, studies of individuals with genetically determined prenatal endocrine conditions, such as women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) or men with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), provided extensive information on the consequences of prenatal androgen abnormalities. 

The opposite pattern, with a female-typical psychosexual development, has been shown by men with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), an X-linked disorder characterized by a total lack of functional androgen receptors (Hines et al., 2003 53 Wisniewski et al., 2000). 

Hines M, Ahmed SE, Hughes lA (2003) Psychological outcomes and gender-related development in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. Arch Sex Behav 32 93-101. 

Wisniewski AB, Migeon CJ, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Gearhart JP, Berkovitz GD, Brown TR, Money J (2000) Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 2664-2669. 

External genitalia From female (complete androgen insensitivity syndrome) to hypospadia (incomplete androgen insensitivity) + + + +... 

In the X-linked recessive mutations in man and several other species often designated as the testicular feminization or androgen-insensitivity syndrome, complete or partial resistance to endogenous androgens, and to exogenous testosterone or dihydrotesterone, is man-... 

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is also called testicular feminization and results from a complete or partial absence of cytoplasmic receptors for testosterone in target tissues (Holterhus et al. 2005). It is an X-linked (handXqll-ql2) disorder with an inci-... 

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