Feeding stuffs determination

ISO The Inti. Organization for Standardization. Animal feeding stuffs - Determination of moisture and other volatile matter content. 6496. Genf, Switzerland, 1999. 

This technique has been established for many years particularly for water, soil and feeding-stuff analysis, where a large number of analyses are required for quality control or monitoring purposes. A number of applications have been published for food additives including aspartame (Fatibello et al., 1999), citric acid (Prodromidis et al., 1997), chloride, nitrite and nitrate (Ferreira et al., 1996), cyclamates (Cabero et al., 1999), sulphites (Huang et al., 1999 AOAC Int, 2000), and carbonate, sulphite and acetate (Shi et al., 1996). Yebra-Biumm (2000) reviewed the determination of artificial sweeteners (saccharin, aspartame and cyclamate) by flow injection. 

Method 7.4. Determination of neutrai ceiiuiase pius gamanase digestibiiity (NCGD) of feeding stuffs... 

Discussion 7.7. Determination of totai nitrogen (crude protein) in piant materiai and feeding stuffs... 

Discussion 7.8. Determination of oii in feeding stuffs by extraction with petroieum spirit... 

BS 5766 (1979) Analysis of Animal Feeding Stuffs, Part I, Determination of Crude Ash. British Standards Institute, London. ISO 5984-1978, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. 

MALL (1993a) Appendix I. The determination of oil in feeding stuffs (Based on SI 1985 No. 1119). In Prediction of the Energy Values of Compound Eeeding Stuffs for Earm Animals. MALL, PB 1285, 9-1 1. 

MALL (1993c) Appendix III. The determination of neutral detergent (plus amylase) fibre (NDF) of feeding stuffs. In ... 

In 1935, the Committee was renamed the Analytical Methods Committee (AMC) but the main analytical work was carried out by sub-committees composed of analysts with specialised knowledge of the particular application area. The earliest topics selected for study were milk products, essential oils, soap and the determination of metals in food colourants. Later applications included the determination of fluorine, crude fibre, total solids in tomato products, trade effluents and trace elements, and vitamins in animal feeding stuffs. These later topics led to the publication of standard methods in a separate booklet. All standard and recommended methods were collated and published in a volume entitled Bibliography of Standard, Tentative and Recommended or Recognised Methods of Analysis in 1951. This bibliography was expanded to include full details of the method under the title Official, Standardised and Recommended Methods of Analysis in 1976 with a second edition in 1983 and a third edition in 1994. 

RE Lawn, JR Harris, SF Johnson. Some aspects of the use of high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of vitamin A in animal feeding stuffs. J Sci Food Agric 34 1039-1046, 1983. 

WE Paulsch, EA Sizoo, HP van Egmond. Liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in feed-stuffs containing citrus pulp. J Ass Off Anal Chem 71(5) 957-961, 1988. 

Weston and coworkers determined arsanilic acid and carbarsone in animal feeding stuffs. The additives were extracted from the food with water the carbarsone present was converted to arsanilic acid that was then reduced to aniline, which can be separated by steam distillation and determined by chromatography and a flame ionization detector. 

J. F. van Staden, Simultaneous Determination of Protein (Nitrogen), Phosphorous and Calcium in Animal Feed Stuffs by Multichannel Flow Injection Analysis. J. Assoc. Anal. Chem., 66 (1983) 718. 

Recent developments in food control have clearly indicated that molecular biological methods are a valuable tool. PCR is the most commonly used technique in many fields of molecular biology. Nationally as well as internationally accepted PCR-based methods are employed widely in food control for example, to determine the amount of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or material derived thereof in food and feed stuffs. In particular, the potential for standardization of PCR-based methods is an advantage. At present, validation studies with real-time PCR systems for the identification and quantification of diverse food-relevant animal and plant species are prospective and under way, respectively. 

EC (2003b). Directive 2003/126/EC, on the analytical method for the determination of constituents of animal origin for the official control of feeding stuffs. 

Nawaz S, Scudamore KA, Rainbird SC (1997) Mycotoxins in Ingredients of Animal Feeding Stuffs I. Determination of Alternaria Mycotoxins in Oilseed Rape Meal and Sunflower Seed Meal. Food Addit Contam 4 249... 

Lipophilic active substances can be determined in the presence of one another by using the procedure described this may be done in commercial preparations of the pharmaceutical, food and feeding-stuff industries, qualitatively and partly even quantitatively [8, 10, 13, 25, 70, 130]. Numerous experiments have been described also, in which these compounds were detected alongside one another in plant and biological extracts [e. g., 5, 30, 45, 141]. 

The separation by TLC of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNP) of dehydroascorbic acid is extremely specific and has been employed for detection and determination of vitamin C in food and feeding stuffs, fats, fruit juices, wines and bacteria etc. In the method of Stroheckeb et al. [129, 130] the ascorbic acid in the extracts is oxidised with 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (Vuilleumieb and Nobile [139] use bromine for this) the dehydroascorbic acid formed is then reacted for 3 hours at 70 C with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in the presence of a little trichloroacetic acid and thiourea [131]. After cooling 10 min in ice, the red or red-brown precipitate is collected on a sintered glass filter, washed with water and dissolved in ethyl acetate or acetone the solution is evaporated and the residue taken up in acetone. 0.1—1.0 ml (20 to 50 [xg vitamin C) of this solution is applied as a band to air dried silica gel H layers and chromatographed with chloroform-ethyl acetate (50 + 50) or, better, with chloroform-ethyl acetate-acetic acid (60 + 35 -f 5). The red DNP of the dehydroascorbic acid is thus clearly separated... 

Gonzalez de la Huebra, M.J., Vincent, U. and von Holst, C. (2007) Sample preparation strategy for the simultaneous determination of macrolide antibiotics in animal feeding stuffs by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). J. Pham. Biomed. Anal, 43, 1628-1637. 

Merson, G.H J. Hill, LA. Johnson, S.F. Determination of methyl benzoquate in poultry feeding stuffs using high-performance Liquid chromatography, AioZysf, 1985, If0, 761-764. 

The method used in the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Regulations (1960), for the determination of potash as perchlorate in guanos and mixed fertilisers, will give generally concordant results. It is summarised below ... 

In addition to the elements for which methods of determination of small amounts have been given in other monographs, cobalt, nickel and manganese may occur in small amounts, in particular in fertilisers and feeding stuffs but also in pharmaceutical products, and the following methods are satisfactory for their determination. All the reagents used in the determinations should be substantially free from the element being determined. 

The methods described in the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Regulations, 1960 for determination of nitrogen form a very useful basis for application to much pharmaceutical work. The presence or absence of nitrates in the sample is first ascertained by use of the indigo-carmine test. 

The U.S.P. method for stilboestrol which is more specific than the above is based on a method proposed by Goodyear, Hatfield and Marsh. 25 ml of a solution of the sample in 95 per cent ethanol, prepared to contain about 20 /jig per ml, is mixed with an equal volume of dibasic potassium phosphate solution (1 in 55) and the solution, in a quartz cell or tube, is then irradiated in ultra-violet light and its extinction measured at the maximum at about 418 m, when the maximum yellow colour has been developed. The optimum conditions (time of irradiation, distance from source of light and quality of quartz container) for maximum colour development are determined prior to making the determination, using a standard solution of stilboestrol in 95 per cent ethanol, containing 20 /ug per ml, and the stilboestrol content of the sample is determined from a comparison of the extinction of the sample solution with that of the standard solution determined at the same time under these conditions. This method has been adapted by the Analytical Methods Committee of the S.A.C. for determination of small amounts of stilboestrol (about 5 mg per pound) in complex mixtures such as animal feeding-stuffs. 

Hexoestrol may be similarly extracted from animal feeding-stuffs (containing about 5 mg per pound) for a colorimetric finish to the determination. 

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