Alternaria mycotoxins

Ansari, A. A. and Shrivastava, A. K. (1990). Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in sorghum and ragi from North Bihar, India. Food Additives Contaminants Part A. 7, 815-820. 

Scott, P.M. 2001. Analysis of agricultural commodities and foods for Alternaria mycotoxins. J. Assoc. Off. Anal Chem. 84, 1809-1817. 

Tenuazonic acid (741) is also of great interest since it is considered to exhibit the greatest toxicity among the Alternaria mycotoxins. It exhibits phytotoxic, insecticidal, zootoxic, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antitumor, and antiviral activities 489, 490). Furthermore, 741 might be the causal factor of onyalai, a hematological disorder in man 491). 

Barkai-Golan R, Paster N (2008) Alternaria Mycotoxins. Mycotoxins in Fruits and Vegetables 185... 

Nawaz S, Scudamore KA, Rainbird SC (1997) Mycotoxins in Ingredients of Animal Feeding Stuffs I. Determination of Alternaria Mycotoxins in Oilseed Rape Meal and Sunflower Seed Meal. Food Addit Contam 4 249... 

Alternaria mycotoxins can be divided into three groups based on their structure. The first group are derivatives of dibenzopyrone, which include altemariol, 3,7,9-trihydroxy-l-methyl-6if-dibenzo[h,d]pyran-6-one (12-121), isolated in 1953 as the first altemaria toxin, altemariol monomethyl ether, 3,7-dihydroxy-9-methoxy-l-methyl-6//-dibenzo[h,d]pyran-6-one (12-122) and altenuene, 2a,3a,4aP-tetrahydro-2,3,7-trihydroxy-9-methoxy-4a-methyl-6//-dibenzo[h,d]pyran-6-one (12-123). The second group includes derivatives of perylene represented by altertoxin I,... 

Information on the occurrence of alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed is relatively limited. For example altemariol, its methyl ether and tenuazonic acid were frequently detected in apples, apple products, apple juice concentrates, mandarins, ohves, pepper, red pepper, tomatoes, tomato products, oilseed rape meal, sunflower seeds, sorghum, wheat and edible oils (olive oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil). The maximum levels reported in foods are... 

Ostry V. Alternaria mycotoxins an overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs. World Mycotoxin Journal, 1 175-188 (2008). 

The main metabolites of this group of fungi (Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Alternaria) are not only mycotoxins but also hormonally active compounds as well as enzymes, for instance amylase, chitinase, cellulase, glucanase, xylanase, or protease (Pawelzik et al. 1998). 

Logrieco, A., Visconti, A., and Bottalico, A. 1990. Mandarin fruit rot caused by Alternaria alternata and associated mycotoxins. Plant Dis. 74, 415-417. 

Scott, P.M. and Kanhere, S.R. 2001. Stability of Alternaria toxins in fruit juices and wine. Mycotoxin Res. 17, 9-14. 

Stinson, E.E., Bills, D.D., Osman, S.F., Siciliano, J., Ceponis, M.J., and Heisler, E.G. 1980. Mycotoxin production by Alternaria species grown on apples, tomatoes, and blueberries. J. Agric. Food... 

Fumonisins. A group of mycotoxins and phytotoxins formed by the ascomycetes Gibberella fujikuroi (asexual form Fusarium moniliforme=F. verticilli-oides), a com pathogen, and Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici, a tomato pathogen (AAL). 

Stinson EE (1985) Mycotoxins - Their Biosynthesis in Alternaria. J Eood Prot 48 80... 

Stinson EE, Osman SF, Pfeiffer PE (1982) Stracture of Altertoxin 1, a Mycotoxin from Alternaria. J Org Chem 47 4110... 

The most important producers of toxicologically relevant mycotoxins are microscopic filamentous fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Examples are shown in Table 12.21. Some currently monitored mycotoxins are also produced by representatives of the genera Claviceps, Alternaria, Chaetomium and Sordaria. 

Altenuene, altemariol monomethy ether, and altertoxin I are mycotoxins produced by fungi o Alternaria alternata genus (Chelkowsky Visconti, 1992). 

Shier, W.T., Abbas, H.K., and Mirocha, C.J. 1991. Toxicity of the mycotoxins fumonisins B, and B2 and Alternaria alternata f sp. lycopersici toxin in cultured mammalian cells. Mycopathologia 116 97-104. 

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