Feed additives benefits

Several feed additives for rumiaants are available. All additives iacrease animal growth or efficiency of weight gain, and many provide additional benefits (see Growth regulators). Additives can be classified into groups based on function. 

An additional benefit of prethickening is reduction in cake resistance. If the feed concentration is low, there is a general tendency of particles to pack together more tightly, thus leading to higher specific resistances. If, however, many particles approach the filter medium at the same time, they may bridge over the pores this reduces penetration into the cloth or the cake underneath and more permeable cakes are thus formed. 

For many years, cat cracker operators have used additive compounds for enhancing cat cracker performance. The main benefits of these additives (catalyst and feed additives) are to alter the FCC yields and reduce the amount of pollutants emitted from the regenerator. The additives discussed in this section are CO promoter, SO reduction, ZSM-5, and antimony. 

This book was developed to provide a current perspective on agricultural use of antibiotics. Topics include some major uses of antibiotics, problems associated with their use from a regulatory standpoint, residues in food including methods of detection, risks to human health from use in feeds, trends in use, and overall risks and benefits. The scope, therefore, is much broader than in several other recent symposia that have focused mainly on the controversy regarding the use of antibiotics as feed additives. Many of the topics included in the present volume have not been discussed under one cover before. 

Although not a separate process, isomerization plays an important role in pretreatment of the alkene feed in isoalkane-alkene alkylation to improve performance and alkylate quality.269-273 The FCC C4 alkene cut (used in alkylation with isobutane) is usually hydrogenated to transform 1,3-butadiene to butylenes since it causes increased acid consumption. An additional benefit is brought about by concurrent 1-butene to 2-butene hydroisomerization. Since 2-butenes are the ideal feedstock in HF alkylation, an optimum isomerization conversion of 70-80% is recommended.273... 

It is advantageous to pretreat butene feeds before alkylation.294-298 1,3-Butadiene is usually hydrogenated (to butenes or butane) since it causes increased acid consumption. The additional benefit of this process is that under hydrogenation conditions alkene isomerization (hydroisomerization) takes place, too. Isomerization, or the transformation of 1-butene to 2-butenes, is really attractive for HF alkylation since 2-butenes give better alkylate (higher octane number) in HF-cata-lyzed alkylation. Excessive 1,3-butadiene conversion, therefore, ensuring 70-80% isomerization, is carried out for HF alkylation. In contrast, approximately 20% isomerization is required at lower butadiene conversion for alkylation with H2SO4. 

Varying the enthalpy, or heat content, of the feed is an additional independent variable that an operator, or process design engineer, can use to optimize fractionation efficiency. An additional benefit of feed preheat is that a lower-level temperature heat source can be used. If valuable 100-psig steam is required for the reboiler, then low-value 20-psig steam might be adequate for the feed preheat exchanger. 

Extrusion of mixed feed has been found to be beneficial in improving digestibility. However, the process is generally limited to pet and fish feeds because of cost. Pelleting or extrusion of mixed feed has additional benefits relating to environmental and consumer safety aspects. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, salmonellae and moulds are greatly reduced by pelleting and eliminated by the extrusion process. 

A quantitative jump was finally brought by a two-in-one resin-based in situ substrate feeding product removal method (SFPR) [104]. An adsorbent polymeric resin acts simultaneously as a reservoir for the substrate and as a trap for the product (Figure 21.5). The substrate, preloaded onto the resin, slowly diffuses into the broth and is hansformed by cells while the formed product is readsorbed onto the soUd. The system is conveniently tuned by a simple choice of substrate resin ratio. Thus, both the substrate and product concentrations are controlled in order to maintain them below their inhibitory or toxic levels and allow a higher productivity. Additional benefits are also to be considered for prachcal large-scale applica-... 

In GPPS systems, these peroxides mainly supplemented the free radicals generated by thermal initiation, whereas in the HIPS process, it was found that they could enhance the grafting of styrene to unsaturated rubbers, such as polybutadiene. Additional benefits of organic peroxide initiators were increased production per unit reactor volume, reduction of styrene oligomers and lower reactor temperatures. The instantaneous removal of peroxide feed to a runaway reactor also provides a safety mechanism. Peroxide-initiated systems have higher reaction rates owing to shorter reactor residence times, so the ability to remove one source of radical initiation quickly is important. 

ARDS unit works as the springboard in the new scheme of Mina Abdulla Refinery operation Primarily a desulfurization unit, ARDS also reduces the metals, asphaltenes and nitrogen in the products, thereby, ensuring proper quality of feed for downstream conversion units. As an additional benefit, ARDS is also a mild hydrocracking process, partially upgrading high sulfur atmospheric residue to low boiling products like naphtha and distillate. 

An additional benefit of this development is increased feedstock flexibility, both for the SGP itself and for the refinery as a whole. The carbon recycle currently practised also recycles some of the ash, so that the charge pump, burner, and reactor system are exposed to a higher content of ash than that present in the fresh feed. Elimination of the recycle thus makes it possible to use feeds with considerably higher ash contents than previously. Current experience of >1000 pg/g vanadium at the reactor inlet would be directly applicable to residues of this quality. This is certainly an important feature when reviewing the possibility of introducing heavier (and cheaper) crudes into the refinery. 

An additional benefit of employing multiple CSTBRs in series is the possibility of using a quasi- cross-flow mode of operation in which the feed to the second (and/or subsequent) reactor in the cascade consists of a second fresh feed stream in addition to the effluent from the previous reactor. Use of a second fresh feed stream is optional, but this mode of operation is advantageous when this stream contains an inducer to elicit production of a targeted protein in order to circumvent problems of genetic instability. 

One blender can be mounted on a floor stand and feed the same material to a number of processing machines. In such cases, this reduces the number of blenders required and has the additional benefit of minimizing cleanout on the machine for color changes. 

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