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FCC-process

Figure 10.8 presents a variant of the FCC process, the RCC (Residue Catalytic Cracking) capable of processing heavier feedstocks (atmospheric residue or a mixture of atmospheric residue and vacuum distillate) provided that certain restrictions be taken into account (Heinrich et al., 1993). [Pg.389]

The principal class of reactions in the FCC process converts high boiling, low octane normal paraffins to lower boiling, higher octane olefins, naphthenes (cycloparaffins), and aromatics. FCC naphtha is almost always fractionated into two or three streams. Typical properties are shown in Table 5. Properties of specific streams depend on the catalyst, design and operating conditions of the unit, and the cmde properties. [Pg.184]

FCC process description adapted by permission from Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook, R. Sadeghbeigi, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 2000, pp. 3—17. [Pg.141]

A major concern in die application of power recovery expanders in die FCC process is catalyst carryover from die diird-stage separator dial enters die expander. [Pg.203]

Another approach used to reduce the harmful effects of heavy metals in petroleum residues is metal passivation. In this process an oil-soluble treating agent containing antimony is used that deposits on the catalyst surface in competition with contaminant metals, thus reducing the catalytic activity of these metals in promoting coke and gas formation. Metal passivation is especially important in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processes. Additives that improve FCC processes were found to increase catalyst life and improve the yield and quality of products. ... [Pg.47]

Deep catalytic cracking (DCC) is a catalytic cracking process which selectively cracks a wide variety of feedstocks into light olefins. The reactor and the regenerator systems are similar to FCC. However, innovation in the catalyst development, severity, and process variable selection enables DCC to produce more olefins than FCC. In this mode of operation, propylene plus ethylene yields could reach over 25%. In addition, a high yield of amylenes (C5 olefins) is possible. Figure 3-7 shows the DCC process and Table 3-10 compares olefins produced from DCC and FCC processes. ... [Pg.77]

The FCC process is very complex. For clarity, the process description has been broken down into six separate sections ... [Pg.6]

The reactor-regenerator is the heart of the FCC process. In a modem cat cracker, virtually all the reactions occur in 1.5 to 3.0 seconds before the catalyst and the products are separated in the reactor. [Pg.7]

Hydrotreating reduces the sulfur content of all the products. With hydrotreated feeds, more of the feed sulfur goes to coke and heavy liquid products. The same sulfur atoms that were converted to H S in the FCC process are also being removed first in the hydrotreating process. The remaining sulfur compounds are harder to remove. The heavier and more aromatic the feedstock, the greater the level of sulfur in the coke (Table 2-7). [Pg.59]

A number of indices relate metal activity to hydrogen and coke production. (These indices predate the use of metal passivation in the FCC process but are still reliable). The most commonly used index is 4 X Nickel + Vanadium. This indicates that nickel is four times as actiw as vanadium in producing hydrogen. Other indices [9] used are ... [Pg.63]

The FCC process is very complex and many scenarios can upset operations. If the upset condition is not corrected or controlled, each scenario could lead to a reversal. Table 8-1 contains a cause/effect shutdown matrix indicating scenarios in which a shutdown (reversal) could take place. In most cases, a unit shutdown is not necessary if adequate warning (low alarms before low/low shutdowns) is provided. The operating staff must be trained to respond to these warnings. [Pg.254]

The FCC process has a long history of innovation and will continue to play a key role in the overall success of the refining industry. The continuing developments will primarily be in the areas of catalyst, process, and hardware technologies. [Pg.332]

This second edition fulfills my goal of discussing issues related to the FCC process and provides practical and proven recommendations to improve the performance and reliability of the FCCU operations. The new chapter (Chapter 9) offers several no-to-low cost modifications that, once implemented, will allow debottlenecking and optimization of the cat cracker. [Pg.382]

Carbon Monoxide Boilers Carbon monoxide boilers are used to recover waste heat generated from oil refining fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processes. The FCC process produces copious volumes of by-product gas containing 5 to 8% carbon monoxide (CO), which has a heat content of about 150 Btu/lb. A 10,000 barrel (bbl) per day FCC unit produces 60,000 to 150,000 lb/hr of CO. [Pg.57]

Cracking is an endothermic reaction, implying that the temperature must be rather high (500 °C), with the consequence that catalysts deactivate rapidly by carbon deposition. The fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process, developed by Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (1940) (better known as ESSO and nowadays EXXON), offers a solution for the short lifetime of the catalyst. Although cracking is... [Pg.361]

The FCC process is used worldwide in more than 300 installations, of which about 175 are in North America and 70 in Europe. Figure 9.10 shows the principle of an FCC unit. The preheated heavy feed (flash distillate and residue) is injected at the bottom of the riser reactor and mixed with the catalyst, which comes from the regeneration section. Table 9.5 gives a typical product distribution for the FCC process. Cracking occurs in the entrained-flow riser reactor, where hydrocarbons and catalyst have a typical residence time of a few seconds only. This, however, is long enough for the catalyst to become entirely covered by coke. While the products leave the reactor at the top, the catalyst flows into the regeneration section, where the coke is burned off in air at 1000 K. [Pg.362]

FCC units, and in particular the catalyst regenerating section, may give rise to significant pollution. Sulfur in the coke oxidizes to SO2 and SO3, while the combustion also generates NOx compounds. In addition, the flue gas from the regenerator contains particulate matter from the catalyst. The FCC process is also the major source of sulfur in gasoline. Of all the sulfur in the feed, approximately 50% ends up as H2S in the light gas-LPG fraction, 43% in the liquid products and 7% in the coke on the spent catalysts. [Pg.364]

Small olefins, notably ethylene (ethene), propene, and butene, form the building blocks of the petrochemical industry. These molecules originate among others from the FCC process, but they are also manufactured by the steam cracking of naphtha. A wealth of reactions is based on olefins. As examples, we discuss here the epoxida-tion of ethylene and the partial oxidation of propylene, as well as the polymerization of ethylene and propylene. [Pg.370]

Give a brief description of the FCC process. What is the life-time of the... [Pg.412]

Flexicracking A version of the FCC process developed by Exxon Research Engineering Company. Seventeen units were operating in 1996. [Pg.108]

RCC [Reduced crude oil conversion] A process for converting reduced crude oil (a petroleum fraction), and other petroleum residues, into high-octane gasoline and other lighter fuels. Based on the FCC process, but adapted to accommodate higher levels of metal contaminants which can harm the catalyst. Developed by Ashland Oil Company and UOP and... [Pg.223]

Ultracat A version of the FCC process, developed by Standard Oil of Indiana in the 1970s. [Pg.278]

Ultra-Orthoflow An FCC process which converts petroleum distillates and heavier fractions to products of lower molecular weight. Developed by MW Kellogg Company. Over 100 units were operating in 1988. [Pg.279]

Catalytic cracking is a process that is currently performed exclusively over fluidized catalyst beds. The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process was introduced in 1942 and at that time replaced the conventional moving bed processes. These early processes were based on acid-treated clays as acidic catalysts. The replacement of the amorphous aluminosilicate catalysts by Faujasite-type zeolites in the early-1960s is regarded as a major improvement in FCC performance. The new acidic catalysts had a remarkable activity and produced substantially higher yields than the old ones. [Pg.110]

The FCC process involves at least four types of reactions (1) thermal decomposition (2) primary catalytic reactions at the catalyst surface (3) secondary catalytic reactions between the primary products and (4) removal of polymerization products from further reactions by adsorption onto the surface of the catalyst as coke. This last reaction is the key to catalytic cracking because it permits decomposition reactions to move closer to completion than is possible in simple thermal cracking. [Pg.244]


See other pages where FCC-process is mentioned: [Pg.184]    [Pg.156]    [Pg.175]    [Pg.265]    [Pg.234]    [Pg.115]    [Pg.213]    [Pg.417]    [Pg.93]    [Pg.95]    [Pg.84]    [Pg.368]    [Pg.285]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.12]    [Pg.398]    [Pg.537]    [Pg.538]    [Pg.549]    [Pg.551]    [Pg.558]    [Pg.560]   


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