Fatty oils, polymerization

More detailed knowledge of the composition of mineral oils can be obtained by splitting the oils into as narrow fractions as possible by means of fractionation, thermodiffusion, chromatography, extraction and other means. On the opposite page a scheme is given as an illustration of the application of distillation techniques in the investigation of mineral oils and polymerized fatty oils. 

APPLICATION OF DISTILLATION TECHNIQUES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF MINERAL OILS AND POLYMERIZED FATTY OILS... 

For the structural analysis of cyclic fatty acid derivatives (polymerized drying oils, copolymerization products of fatty oils with various hydrocarbons), in principle the same graphical methods can be developed as have been described for the investigation of hydrocarbon mixtures. However, the construction of useful graphical representations is hampered by the fact that reliable data on physical constants are restricted to the normal saturated fatty acids and their methyl and ethyl esters the synthesis of pure unsaturated fatty acids is already extremely difficult, to say nothing of more complicated cyclic or branched compounds. 

Self-coloured materials such as plastics or anodized aluminium, and adhesive plastics film also had their limitations. There is therefore every reason to assume that oil-based paints will be here in the year 2000. Since the general natures of the mechanisms of autoxidation and polymerization were realized about 30 years ago there have been few significant scientific papers and these subjects are not current research items. Sufficient is now known to ensure the most effective use of the fatty oils in commercial paint products. 

Isano oil n. A fatty oil extracted from an African tree of the same name, used as a flame retardant for acrylic resins. When heated to 200°C it polymerizes and may explode. 

ADMET was the first process examined for polymerization of plant oils because their component fatty acids already contain an alkene that could be easily metathe-sized without any synthetic manipulations. The early efforts in plant oil polymerization began with looking at the ADMET polymerization of soybean oil. This early study demonstrated that soybean oil could be metathesized and that 5% of polymerized soybean could be added to normal soybean oil to efficiently decrease... 

Encapsulation of lipophilic drugs such as the steroids requires a reversal of the inverse micelle polymerization process. When normal micelles are used in aqueous media the wall material is composed of unsaturated fatty oils. 

Alkyd resins are produced by reaction of a polybasic acid, such as phthaUc or maleic anhydride, with a polyhydric alcohol, such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, or glycol, in the presence of an oil or fatty acid. The resulting polymeric material can be further modified with other polymers and chemicals such as acryhcs, siUcones, and natural oils. On account of the broad selection of various polybasic acids, polyhydric alcohols, oils and fatty acids, and other modifying ingredients, many different types of alkyd resins can be produced that have a wide range of coating properties (see Alkyd resins). 

Eatty acid soap was first used for ESBR. Its scarcity prompted the investigation of rosin acids from gum and wood as substitutes (1). The discovery of the disproportionation of rosin allowed rosin acid soaps to overcome the polymerization inhibition of untreated rosin acids. Rosin acid soaps gave the added benefit of tack to the finished polymer. In the 1990s, both fatty acid and rosin acid soaps, mainly derived from tall oil, are used in ESBR. 

On-line SFE-pSFC-FTIR was used to identify extractable components (additives and monomers) from a variety of nylons [392]. SFE-SFC-FID with 100% C02 and methanol-modified scC02 were used to quantitate the amount of residual caprolactam in a PA6/PA6.6 copolymer. Similarly, the more permeable PS showed various additives (Irganox 1076, phosphite AO, stearic acid - ex Zn-stearate - and mineral oil as a melt flow controller) and low-MW linear and cyclic oligomers in relatively mild SCF extraction conditions [392]. Also, antioxidants in PE have been analysed by means of coupling of SFE-SFC with IR detection [121]. Yang [393] has described SFE-SFC-FTIR for the analysis of polar compounds deposited on polymeric matrices, whereas Ikushima et al. [394] monitored the extraction of higher fatty acid esters. Despite the expectations, SFE-SFC-FTIR hyphenation in on-line additive analysis of polymers has not found widespread industrial use. While applications of SFC-FTIR and SFC-MS to the analysis of additives in polymeric matrices are not abundant, these techniques find wide application in the analysis of food and natural product components [395]. 

Palm kernel oil. The oil from pressing palm kernels contains triglycerides of stearic, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and lauric acids (the more common fatty acids) and is used in soap manufacture and as a dispersant and accelerator in polymerizations. 

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