Polymeric oil

Polymerized oils Hydroxystearates Epoxidized oils Halogenated oils Polymerized oils Sulfonated oils... 

Benzyl chloride reacts with benzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give dipbenylmetbane [101 -81-5]. It undergoes self-condensation to form polymeric oils and soHds (21). With phenol, benzyl chloride produces a mixture of o- andp-her zylpbeno1. 

Amorphous. Polymeric oils of low molecular weights from 1000 to 200030... 

Portnoy, R.C., Lundberg, R.D., and Werlein, E.R. "Novel Polymeric Oil Mud Viscosifier for High TemperatureDrilling," IADC/SPE paper 14795, 1986 IADC/SPE Drilling Conference, Dallas, February 10 12. 

When heating treatments are applied to obtain stand oils, the following chemical modifications are likely to occur cross-linking of triacylglycerols, isomerization of double bonds, and formation of dimers through Diels-Alder cyclization [50,51]. As a result of double bond isomerization, the amounts of suberic and sebacic acids increase with respect to azelaic acid. Consequently, the ratio of suberic acid to azelaic acid may help to indicate a pre-polymerized oil [52,53]. 

Behr An obsolete process for separating the drying and nondiying constituents of bodied oils by selective precipitation. The oils are treated with low molecular weight alcohols or ketones, with a medium solvent power, which will not dissolve compounds of molecular weight greater than 900. The polymerized oil settles out, while the nonpolymeric nondiying constituents remain dissolved. 

The initiator is present in the water phase, and this is where the initiating radicals are produced. The rate of radical production if, is typically of the order of 1013 radicals L-1 s-1. (The symbol p is often used instead of Rj in emulsion polymerization terminology.) The locus of polymerization is now of prime concern. The site of polymerization is not the monomer droplets since the initiators employed are insoluble in the organic monomer. Such initiators are referred to as oil-insoluble initiators. This situation distinguishes emulsion polymerization from suspension polymerization. Oil-soluble initiators are used in suspension polymerization and reaction occurs in the monomer droplets. The absence of polymerization in the monomer droplets in emulsion polymerization has been experimentally verified. If one halts an emulsion polymerization at an appropriate point before complete conversion is achieved, the monomer droplets can be separated and analyzed. An insignificant amount (approximately <0.1%) of polymer is found in the monomer droplets in such experiments. Polymerization takes place almost exclusively in the micelles. Monomer droplets do not compete effectively with micelles in capturing radicals produced in solution because of the much smaller total surface area of the droplets. 

G.B. Kistiakowsky et al, USP 2606109 (1952) CA 47, 4083(1953) (Plastic nonhardening expl prepd from 88% Cyclonite and 12% bodied or polymerized oil which may be distilled from sperm oil, rape seed or petrolatum)... 

To understand the mechanism of polyblending, experiments have been carried out with polymeric solution. W. Borchard and G. Rehage mixed two partially miscible polymer solutions, measured the temperature dependence of the viscosity, and determined the critical point of precipitation. When two incompatible polymers, dissolved in a common solvent, are intimately mixed, a polymeric oil-in-oil emulsion is formed. Droplet size of the dispersed phase and its surface chemistry, along with viscosity of the continuous phase, determine the stability of the emulsion. Droplet deformation arising from agitation has been measured on a dispersion of a polyurethane solution with a polyacrylonitrile solution by H. L. Doppert and W. S. Overdiep, who calculated the relationship between viscosity and composition. 

The physical properties of these polymers, as well as their transparency, is at least in part owed to their structure. Some authors have indicated that this type of structure represents a polymeric oil-in-oil (POO) emulsion (II). 

We have shown (12, 14) that block and graft copolymers (BG copolymers have emulsifying properties in polymeric oil-in-oil emulsions. ... 

The work was planned on the basis of a model of a dispersed solid particle onto which one type of sequences of a BG copolymer is adsorbed selectively while the other type sequence is dissolved in the dispersion medium. A sketch of this model is shown in Figure 1. The model is the result of applying the same arguments which had been advanced (12) in discussing the mechanism of stabilization of polymeric oil-in-oil emulsions by BG copolymers to the problem of stabilization of dispersions of solid particles in organic media. Previously, essentially the same arguments had led to the demonstration of micelle formation of styrene-butadiene block copolymers in organic media under certain conditions (15). 

The initiation was assumed to occur by formation of the disodium adduct followed by fraws-metallation with toluene because no octane was found in the polymeric oils, a product which must arise by addition of a butadiene molecule to the disodium adduct. The transfer step is necessary to explain the very low carboxyl content of the polymer. 

The polymerization in miniemulsion can also be performed in the presence of an oil, which is inert to the polymerization process. During polymerization, oil and polymer can demix, and many different structures such as an oil droplet encapsulated by a polymer shell, sponge like architectures, or dotted oil droplets can be formed. The formation of such structures is known from classical emul-... 

The phase relationships of two-phase polymer systems also have been of considerable interest in recent years. In an important series of papers, Molau and co-workers (19-24) studied systems, which were denoted POO emulsions (polymeric oil-in-oil), prepared by dissolving a given polymer in monomer and then polymerizing the monomer. During polymerizations of this type the composition of the respective phases reverses, and a phase inversion process was proposed to explain this. A similar process has been suggested as the mechanism by which poly-butadiene forms the dispersed phase in the manufacture of high-impact polystyrenes (22,25). Recently, Kruse has pointed out that this phase-inversion point may correspond to that point on a ternary phase diagram at which the reaction line bisects a tie line (26), and we have advanced a similar point of view in our earlier reports (17,18, 27). 

The spent acid from extractor 33 had an analysis of approximately 2.5% water, 10% acid-polymeric oil complex (probably actually considerably higher), 10% dipropyl sulfate and 77.5% propyl acid sulfate. 

If an oil-soluble monomer is dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase without the use of surfactants, suspension polymerization results. The viscosity of the resulting suspension will remain essentially constant over the course of the polymerization. Oil-soluble free radical initiators are used to effect polymerization. The monomer is dispersed into beads by the action of an agitator. Since little or no surfactant is used, no emulsification takes place, and, if the agitation is stopped, the monomer will form a separate bulk phase, usually above the aqueous phase. The monomer is polymerized by the initiator within the droplets, forming polymer beads of approximately the same size as the monomer droplets (0.1-10 mm diameter). The product can be readily separated from the aqueous phase (via filtration or decantation) in the form of macroscopic particles or beads, which can be easily packaged and/or transported. Heat transfer is facihtated by the presence of the continuous aqueous phase. Blocking agents such as clays or talcs are used to prevent particle ag-... 

Oil polishing— The final stage of deodorization is filtration of the oil to remove any fine particles of soaps, metallic salts, rust, filter aid, polymerized oil, or any other solid impurities. 

On the other hand, the mbbery nature of the polymerized oil may be used as toughening, rigid epoxy materials because it is phase separated into spherical domains when mixed and cured with bisphenol-A epoxy compounds (72-75). A... 

In this study, a significant amount of catalyst (40 wt% to cellulose) was used, and little oil and little char were obtained. On the other hand, oil and char were obtained in the considerable yields at the lower catalyst loading of 5-10 wt%, The reaction pathway of polymerization, oil and char production, may compete the gasification pathway. 

Because "reaction (1) Is considerably faster than "reaction (2)", only a minor quantity of block copolymer Is formed. The Impact modifier segregates as fine spheres homogeneously distributed In the nylon phase. The block copolymer concentrates at the Interface, acting as an emulsifier for the two Incompatible polymers (2 ). In this polymeric oil In oil emulsion the Interfacial adhesion Is good. 

The catalyst solution(0.05 mL) is added to a dry two-necked round-bottomed flask (100 mL), equipped with a gas inlet, under a continuous steam of nitrogen. The flask is then heated to 55°C. After several minutes, a white solid is deposited and no more solvent is visible. At this stage the siloxane (1.00 g) is added, the flask equipped with a drying tube, and the nitrogen inlet removed and replaced with a stopper. The flask is heated rapidly to 160°C to initiate the polymerization process and the polymerization is allowed to proceed for 3 h, whereupon a highly viscous polymeric oil is formed. The polymer is soluble in benzene and toluene. ... 

G. Mai chioni, G. Ajioldi, G. Pezzin, Structure-Property Relationships in Perfluoropolyethers A Family of Polymeric Oils in Comprehensive Polymer Science (G. Allen, S. L. Aggaiwal, S. Russo eds.), 2nd suppl., Pergamon, 1996, p. 347-388. 

Molau GE. Heterogeneous polymer systems I. Polymeric oil in oil emulsion. J Polym Sci Part A 1965 3 1267-1278. 

We would have no Bible, no Greek epics and tragedies, and no Roman history without parchment and papyrus. There would be no paintings of Leonardo, Raphael, and Rembrandt without canvas and polymerizing oils. And were would be no music of Corelli, Beethoven, and Tchaikovsky without string instruments, all of which consist entirely of natural organic polymers such as wood, resins, and lacquers. 

Figure A. Formation of rubber particles by phase Inversion of polymeric oil-in-oil emulsion. Phase contrast micrograph (rubber phase is light) according to G. E. Molare and H. Keskkula.

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