Fatty infiltration of the liver

Fatty infiltration of the liver. In this pathology, the triglyceride concentration in the liver is 10-fold superior to the norm. The accumulation of fat in the cyto-plasm of hepatic cells leads to an impaired liver function. The causes of this pathol-ogy are numerous one of these may be a deficiency in lipotropic factors and the associated therewith synthesis of excess triglycerides. 

Rabbits died from exposure to 5000 ppm for 3 hours, but 10,000 ppm for 1 hour was not lethal. Effects were conjunctival irritation, lacrimation, slow respiration with some rales, incoordination, ataxia, and weakness. Autopsy of animals exposed to lethal concentrations revealed severe fatty infiltration of the liver and moderate kidney damage. ... 

Adverse gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, anorexia, metallic taste, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea) occur in up to 20% of individuals taking metformin this can be minimized by starting at a low dose and slowly titrating the dose upward with food. Like phenformin, metformin can cause lactic acidosis, but its occurrence is rare except when renal failure, hypoxemia, or severe congestive heart failure is present or when coadministered with alcohol. Metformin is also contraindicated in persons with hepatic dysfunction, but it appears to be safe for use in the hepatic steatosis that often occurs with fatty infiltration of the liver in poorly controlled type II diabetics. 

Liver is the target organ for aflatoxins, and aflatoxicosis leads to proliferation of the bile duct, centrilobular necrosis and fatty infiltration of the liver, hepatomas and hepatic lesions. The susceptibility of animals to AFB] varies with species [reviewed in Eaton and Groopman, 72]. In addition to the liver, AFB] also affects other organs and tissues, such as the lungs and the entire respiratory system [73-75]. 

Giorgio, A., Francica, G., Aloisio, T., Tarantino, L., Pierri, R, Pellicano, M., Buscarini, L., Livraghi, T. Multifocal fatty infiltration of the liver mimicking metastatic disease. Gastroenterol. Internal. 1991 4 169 — 172... 

Scott, W.W. jr., Sanders, R.C., Siegelman, S.S. Irregular fatty infiltration of the liver diagnostic dilemmas. Amer. J. Radiol. 1980 135 ... 

Surprisingly, alcoholic fatty infiltration of the liver and alcoholic hepatitis often display ascites as well, mostly only discernible when applying ultrasonic methods of examination. This might suggest that certain pathogenic mechanisms in the formation of ascites (such as increase in portal pressure, structural sinus changes, and stimulation of biochemical or sympathoadrenergic factors) are favoured or become more intense as a result of alcohol (and possibly also its chemical additives). Ascites can also occur in severe acute viral hepatitis, in which case the course of disease deteriorates considerably. (28,46,64)... 

Levenson, H., Greensite, F., Hoefs, J., Friloux, L., Applegate, G., Silva, E., Kanel, G., Buxton, R. Fatty infiltration of the liver quantification with phase-contrast MR imaging at 1.5 T vs biopsy. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1991 156 307-312... 

Mild liver dysfunction, hypophosphatemia, and hypomag-nesmia are the most common laboratory abnormahties caused by aldesleukin (76,77). About 20% of patients develop mild to severe intrahepatic cholestasis with reversible and dose-dependent rises in bilirubin and alkahne phosphatase while serum transaminases were only shghtly increased (4,78). Recurrence of cholestasis after aldesleukin rechallenge was not always observed (79). The mechanism of aldesleukin-induced intrahepatic cholestasis is unknown, but it might be mediated by activation of Kupfer cells and the subsequent release of cytokines (SEDA-20, 335). Focal fatty infiltrates of the liver mimicking metastases were also reported in a patient receiving both aldesleukin and a short course of interferon alfa (80). 

The therapeutic uses of choline depend on its physiological functions. Bccau.se it is involved in the formation of plasma phospholipids, it is used as a lipotropic agent to alleviate fatty infiltration of the liver, cirrhosis. It has been u.sed. in large doses, in certain central nervous system disorders (e.g., tardive dyskinesia, presenile dementia) bccau.se it is a precursor of acetylcholine. Choline also serves as a methyl donor in some reactions after it is converted to betaine. 

Fatty infiltration of the liver and/or other organs Dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Allegation of child abuse (not trauma, physical harm)... 

CR dissolved in acetone was applied to the skin of C3H and Porton-strain mice at 1 mg (equivalent to 40 mg kg-1) daily for 12 weeks (Marrs et al, 1982). 80 weeks after the end of dosing, animals were sacrificed. A high incidence of fatty infiltration of the liver might have been due to acetone exposure, but otherwise there was no abnormal histopathology. 

Kwashiorkor patients have also shown increased urinary excretion of arylsulfohydrolase A (Ittyerah et al., 1967 Latif et al., 1979, 1981). The fatty infiltration of the liver or the cloudy swelling and tubular degeneration of the kidney in kwashiorkor (Gillan, 1934) may be partially responsible for the... 

A nnmber of stndies have been reported on the repeated-dose toxicity of CR following dermal administration. Owens and co-workers studied the effects of CR following mnltiple dermal application in rabbits and monkeys. In the study by Marrs and co-workers, CR in acetone was applied to the skin of mice (5 days/wk for 12 wk). The animals were kept for an additional 80 weeks following the end of the application period. No abnormalities were noted that could be attributed to CR, but a high incidence of fatty infiltration of the liver was noted in one strain of mice, which was most likely due to acetone. These investigators concluded that the repeated dermal application of CR had little effect on the skin. They further postulated that in view of the absence of any specific organ toxicity, absorption of even substantial amounts of CR would have little effect. 

LIVER Ethanol produces a constellation of dose-related deleterious effects in the liver. The primary effects are fatty infiltration of the liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Because of its intrinsic toxicity, alcohol can injure the liver in the absence of dietary deficiencies. The accumulation of fat in the liver is an early event and can occur in normal individuals after the ingestion of relatively small amounts of ethanol. This accumulation results from inhibition of both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the oxidation of fat, in part, owing to the generation of excess NADH produced by the actions of ADH and ALDH (see Figure 22-1). 

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