Fatty Acid Pattern

E. Baath, A. Frostegard, and H. Fritze, Soil bacterial bioma.ss, activity, phospholipid fatty acid pattern, and pH tolerance in an area polluted with alkaline dust deposition, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 5S 4026 (1992). 

Zelles L (1999) Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterization of microbial communities in soil a review. Biol Fertil Soils 29 111-129... 

Zelles L, Bai QY, Ma RX, Rackwitz R, Winter K, Beese F (1994) Microbial biomass, metabolic activity and nutritional status determined from fatty acid patterns and poly-hydroxtbutyrate in agriculturally-managed soils. Soil Biol Biochem 26 439 446... 

Stenberg, C., Svensson, M., and Johansson, M. 2005. A study of the drying of linseed oils with different fatty acid patterns using RTIR-spectroscopy and chemiluminescence (CL). Ind. Crops Prod. 21, 263-272. 

Figure 14.5. Fatty acids patterns of soils under long-term monoculture, (a) Lipid extract of soil under maize, unfertilized, after derivatization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide determined by conventional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in comparison to direct, in-source pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS) without derivatization (Jandl et al., unpublished), (b) Py-FIMS of lipid extract of soil under rye, farmyard manure (FYM) treatment, compared to solid extraction residue, both directly measured without derivatization. Reprinted from Marschner, B., Brodowski, S., Dreves, A., et al. (2008). How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 171, 91-110, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

There were marked differences in the fatty acid patterns of the lipids of gills and kidneys, those from seawater fish possessing more w-3 in proportion to w-6 fatty acids and a higher proportion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. They suggested that the role of polyunsaturates in membrane permeability and plasticity might account for the observation, and pointed out that the w-3 structure allows a greater degree of unsaturation than do the <0-6 or w-9 series. 

The factors that determine the specific fatty acid patterns of freshwater and marine algae are beyond our present remit. However, it is worth saying that, as in fish, the patterns can be influenced by the salinity and temperature of the... 

Stansby, M.E. (1967). Fatty acid patterns in marine, freshwater and anadromous fish. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 44, p.64. 

Wodtke, E. (1978). Lipid adaptation in liver mitochondrial membranes of carp acclimated to different environmental temperatures. Phospholipid composition, fatty acid pattern and cholesterol content. Biochimica etBiophysicaActa 529,280-291. 

G12. Gutteridge, J. M., Quinlan, G. J., and Yamamoto, Y., Hypothesis Are fatty acid patterns characteristic of essential fatty acid deficiency indicative of oxidative stress Free Radic. Res. 28, 109-114(1998). 

It is well known that in a naturally occurring oil the fatty acids are not distributed randomly on the glycerol skeleton. Similarly, in olive oil, the fatty acid pattern conforms to the l,3-random-2-random distribution pattern. The saturated fatty acids are almost exclusively found at the 1,3-positions, whilst the 2-position is occupied almost entirely by the unsaturated Po and O, L, Ln acids. 

Camelina oil has a unique fatty acid pattern and is characterized by a linolenic acid (C18 3) content ranging from 30% to 40%, eicosenic acid (C20 l) content... 

Tinoco, J., Babcock, R., Hincenbergs, L, Medwactowski, B-, and Milianich, F, (1978). Li-nolenic acid deficiency Changes in fatty acid patterns in female and male rats raised on a linolenic acid-deficient diet for two generations. Upids 13,6-17. 

The implications of the existence of an enormous diversity of lipid species and fatty acid patterns in different membranes within one organism as well as the variations between different organisms have posed a allenge for a long time. Any model of lipid bilayer function has to take account of these variations. If we consider erythrocyte membrane phospholipids for example, the rat has about 50% phosphatidylcholine (PC) and only about 10% sphingomyelin (SM), whereas the sheep erythrocyte membrane contains more than 50% SM and no PC. By contrast the total membrane content of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) + PC + PM in mammalian species is fairly constant, equal to about 15-20%, and the rest are charged lipids... 

Velasco, L. and Goffman, F.D. 2000. Tocopherol, Plastochromanol and Fatty Acid Patterns in the Genus Linum. Plant Syst. Evol. 221 77-88. 

The fatty acid composition of muscle lipids may show quantitative alterations in diseased muscle. Thus lecithin isolated from human dystrophic muscle had an increased amount of oleic but diminished linoleic acid (Tl). Changes have been recorded also in the fatty acid composition of lecithin from denervated muscle (PI). Recently it has been reported (K16) that the fatty acid pattern of muscle phosphatides from patients with the autosomal dominant form of myotonia congenita differed markedly from that of the autosomal recessive form and from the normal. Tani and his co-workers (F7) have made a detailed study of the phospholipids of normal and dystrophic mouse tissues. In normal mice phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine from skeletal and heart muscles had a very high content of 20-22-carbon polyunsaturated acids, in comparison with those for other tissues the most abundant was docosahexaenoic acid. In dystrophic mice there was a sharp decrease in the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid in the phosphoglycerides from skeletal and heart muscles, suggesting the likelihood of important alterations in muscle membranes. Somewhat similar studies have been reported by Owens (05), who also observed a fall in the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid, mainly in the phosphatidylcholine -j- choline plasmalogen fraction. 

This phenomenon was encountered in all gram-negative and cyanobacteria investigated. In most cases, however, the g-hydroxy fatty acid patterns are restricted to Cjo, Ci2> Cm and Cig-components ( ). The selective release of the g-hydroxy fatty acids upon acid treatment indicates that they are linked via amide bonds to complex substances. From numerous investigations it is well known that amide... 

Al MDM. Van Houwelingen AC, Kester ADM, HasaartTHM, De Jong AEP, HornstraG. Maternal essential fatty acids patterns during normal pregnancy and their relationship to the neonatal essential fatty acid status. Br. 1 Nutr 1995 75 55-68. 

Clemmesen JO, et al. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid pattern in severe liver disease. J Hepatol 2000 32 481 87. 

Hridinka, C., Zollitisch, W., Knaus, W, and Lettner, F. 1996. Effect of dietary fatty acid pattern on melting point and composition of adipose tissues and intramuscular fat of broiler carcasses. Poultry ScL, 75, 208-211. 

Experimental studies in rodents have shown that tetrachloroethylene alters the fatty acid pattern of brain phospholipids and amino acids (Briving et al. 1986 Kyrklund et al. 1984, 1990), which could be partially responsible for tetrachloroethylene-induced neurotoxic effects. Alternatively, the effects of tetrachloroethylene on the central nervous system may result from the incorporation of this lipophilic compound into brain membranes, which may alter neural conduction velocity. A study by Wang et al. (1993), which examined neuronal and glial cell markers in different regions of the brain in rats exposed to tetrachloroethylene, suggests that the frontal cerebral cortex is more sensitive to tetrachloroethylene than other regions of the brain, that cytoskeletal elements are more sensitive than cytosolic proteins, and that... 

Al, M.D., van Houwelingen,A.C., Kester,A.D., Hasaart, T.H., de Jong, A.E., and Hornstra, G. (1995) Maternal Essential Fatty acid Patterns During Normal Pregnancy and Their Relationship to the Neonatal Essential Fatty Acid Status, fir. J. Nutr. 74, 55-68. 

Christophe, A., and Verdonk, G. (1972) Postprandial Effects of Feeding Triglycerides or Their Digestion Products on the Quantity and Fatty Acid Pattern of the Major Serum Lipid Classes, Arc/i. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 80,954—955. 

The changes in heart mitochondrial phospholipids when rats are fed peanut oil, LEAR oil, or HEAR oils are shown in Table XIX. The pattern of fatty acids in each of the three phospholipids is very similar to that observed for the total cardiac phospholipids shown in Tables XIV to XVI as pointed out by Blomstrand and Svensson (1974) who found no significant difference in the relative distribution of phospholipids between mitochondrial and total heart phospholipids. Some of the phospholipid fatty acid patterns that have been reported are at variance with the generally accepted values. This could be the result of insufficient purification of mitochondrial lipids or improper procedures of lipid extraction (Rouser et ai, 1968 Kuksis, 1978). 

Fatty acid patterns of the serum phospholipids (precipitated with acetone) changed considerably in response to the feeding of LEAR oil and HEAR oil (Table IV). The decrease In palmitic acid in response to LEAR and HEAR oils (day 32 vs. day 10) reflected the low level of palmitic acid in the test fats. The decrease in palmitic acid was offset by an increase in oleic acid which also reflects the fatty acid composition of the diet and the suggestion that erucic acid is metabolized to oleic acid. 

This oil is currently at the experimental stage. Interest in the genus arises because these annual species offer the possibility of producing medium-chain-length glycerides based on capric (10 0) or lauric (12 0) acid. Some species are rich in caprylic (8 0) or myristic (14 0) acid. The fatty acid patterns of Cuphea oils are very diverse as is indicated in Table 3.43. 

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