Lipids in muscle

The lipid in muscle is composed primarily of triglycerides (depot fats) and of phospholipids (membrane components), and is a constituent which varies enormously not only in amount present, but also in properties such as degree of saturation (species dependent). The ash of lean meat is comprised of various minerals such as phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc Carbohydrate was not noted in the proximate composition because while some may be present, it is normally there in low concentration compared to the other constituents. Glycogen is the carbohydrate occurring in greatest concentration in muscle but is normally degraded soon after the animal is sacrificed. 

In Section 5.1 usual strategies to obtain reliable calibration by external and internal references are reported. Section 5.2 presents techniques for analysing overlapping resonance lines with symmetric and well-defined lineshapes. Section 5.3 shows a more suitable approach for differentiation of IMCL and EMCL in the complex signal patterns of lipids in muscle spectra. 

Sato, A., Huang, M. Z., Watanabe, S., Okuyama, H., Nakamoto, H., et al., Protein carbonyl content roughly reflects the unsaturation of lipids in muscle but not in other tissues of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive strain (SHRSP) rats fed different fats and oils. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 21, 1271-1276 (1998). 

Measurements of lipids in muscle and bone have also been made. Ye et al. found significantly higher levels of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) in the tibialis anterior muscle of obese mice (Lep° /Lep° ) compared to control mice (Lep° / + heterozygous). Whereas, Xiao et al. have quantified the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) for extramyocellular lipids (EMCL) and IMCL in Sprague-Dawley rats along the direction perpendicular to muscle fibre orientation. The ADC for EMCL and IMCL were 13.8 0.9 X 10 and 4.6 0.7 x 10 mm s respectively. In bone. 

Gandemer, G. Lipids in muscles and adipose tissues, changes during processing and sensory properties of meat products. Meat Sci. 62, 309-321 (2002). 

Pearson, A.M., Gray, J.I., Wolzak, A.M. and Horenstein, N.A. (1983) Safety implications of oxidized lipids in muscle foods. Food Technol. 37, 121-129. 

Metabolic Effects. The effects of insulin on the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in muscle, adipose tissue and the liver are well documented elsewhere39-41 will not be discussed here. 

Clofibrate causes a necrotizing myopathy, particularly in patients with renal failure, nephrotic syndrome or hypothyroidism. The myopathy is painful and myokymia of unknown origin is sometimes present. The mechanism of damage is not known, but p-chlorophenol is a major metabolite of clofibrate and p-chlorophe-nol is a particularly potent uncoupler of cellular oxidative phosphorylation and disrupts the fluidity of lipid membranes. Muscle damage is repaired rapidly on the cessation of treatment. 

One class of glycogen or lipid metabolic disorders in muscle is manifest as acute, recurrent, reversible dysfunction 696... 

Theoretically, this appears to be a htting solution to gene problems. However, there are problems, such as immune and inflammation responses, toxicity, and means to target the intended cells. Non viral vectors may overcome the problems with viral delivery agents. Lipids, in the form of liposomes and other lipid complexes, are being studied. Injection of DNA directly into a patient s muscle cells is another avenue being researched. 

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for the production of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell s organelles. The ER contains a large number of folds, but the membrane forms a single sheet enclosing a single closed sac. This internal space is called the ER lumen. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in muscle cells contains the vesicles and tubules that serve as a store of calcium ions. These are released as one step in the muscle contraction process. Calcium pumps, Ca +-ATPases, serve to move the calcium from the cytoplasm to the ER or SR lumen. 

Quantification of lipids with irregular signal patterns in muscle spectra 33... 

The predominant lipid components in fish roes, like muscles, are triacylglycerols or phospholipids. Yet certain fish species have high levels of wax esters in their roes but not in muscles (Table 1.6) (Bledsoe et ah,... 

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