14 Faraday Minerals

The chronology of the most remarkable contributions to combustion in the early stages of its development is as follows. In 1815, Sir Humphry Davy developed the miner s safety lamp. In 1826, Michael Faraday gave a series of lectures and wrote The Chemical History of Candle. In 1855, Robert Bunsen developed his premixed gas burner and measured flame temperatures and flame speed. Francois-Ernest Mallard and Emile Le Chatelier studied flame propagation and proposed the first flame structure theory in 1883. At the same time, the first evidence of detonation was discovered in 1879-1881 by Marcellin Berthelot and Paul Vieille this was immediately confirmed in 1881 by Mallard and Le Chatelier. In 1899-1905, David Chapman and Emile Jouguet developed the theory of deflagration and detonation and calculated the speed of detonation. In 1900, Paul Vieille provided the physical explanation of detonation... 

Schofield RK, Samson HR (1954) Flocculation of kaolinite due to the attraction of opposite charged crystal faces. Discuss Faraday Soc 18 135-145 Schofield RK, Samson HR (1953) The defiocculation of kaolinite suspensions and the accompanying change-over from positive to negative chloride adsorption. Clay Miner BuU 2 45-51 Schulten HR (2001) Models of humic structures association of humic acids and organic matter in soils and water. In Qapp CE et al. Humic substances and chemical contaminants. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wl, pp 73-88... 

S.A. (1980) Infrared study of the adsorption of carboxylic acids on hematite and goethite immersed in carbon tetrachloride. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I. 76 302-313 Buerge, I.J. Hug, S.J. (1999) Influence of mineral surfaces on chromium(VI) reduction by iron(II). Environ. Sci. Techn. 33 4285-4291 Buerge-Weirich, D. Hard, R. Xue, H. Behra, P. Sigg, L. (2002) Adsorption of Cu, Cd and Ni on goethite in the presence of natural groundwater ligands. Environ. Sci. Techn. 36 328-336... 

Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I. 71 1623-1630 Rustad, J.R. Felmy A.R. Hay, B.P. (1996) Molecular statics calculations for iron oxide and oxyhydroxide minerals Toward a flexible model of the reactive mineral-water interface. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 1553—1562 Ryan, J.N. Gschwend, P.M. (1991) Extraction of iron oxides from sediments using reductive dissolution by titanium(III). Clays Clay Min. 39 509-518... 

Yapp. C.J. (2000) Climatic implications of surface domains in arrays of 5D and 5180 from hydroxyl minerals Goethite as an example. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 2009-2025 Yariv, S. Mendelovid, E. Villalba, R. (1980) Thermal transformation of goethite into hematite in alkali halide discs. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I. 76 1442-1454 Yariv, S. Mendelovid, E. Villalba, R. Cohen, M. (1979) Transformation of goethite to maghemite in Csl discs. Nature 279 519-520... 

In 1812 he was knighted by the prince regent for his contributions to electrochemistry, married a wealthy widow Jane Apreece, and was thus able to retire from the Royal Institution at the age of thirty-four, although he remained the director of its laboratory. It was in this capacity that he appointed Michael Faraday as an assistant in the laboratory early in 1813. Later that year with his wife, her maid, and Faraday as an assistant, amanuensis (scribe), and reluctant valet, Davy embarked on an eighteen-month tour of the European continent, visiting many laboratories and sites of natural and cultural interest. On their return, Davy invented, with Faraday s assistance, the miners safety lamp, which reinforced his reputation in applied science. With a confidence that was shared by all romantics of the time, Davy believed that nothing was beyond his reach, and in 1820 he was elected president of the Royal Society The U K. National Royal Society. This was a position he was ill-equipped to undertake after... 

The size-frequency of particles in mineral dusts. Trans. Faraday Soc., 32 (Part 8) 1091-1100. 

Barrer, R, M. and R. P. Townsend. 1984. Ion-exchange equilibria in zeolites and clay minerals. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 80 629-640. 

Mg is insol in cold w si sd in hot w, with which it reacts sol in mineral acids, cone HF and Amm salts insol in chromates alkali In 1808, Sir Humphry Davy reported the production of Mg in the form of an amalgam by electrolytic reduction of its oxide using a Hg cathode. In 1828, the Fr scientist A. Bussy fused Mg chloride with metallic K and became the first to produce free metallic Mg. Michael Faraday, in 1833, was the first to produce free metallic Mg by electrolysis, using Mg chloride. For many years, however, the metal remained a laboratory curiosity. In 1886, manuf of Mg was undertaken on a production scale in Ger, using electrolysis of fused Mg chloride. Until 1915, Ger remained the sole producer of Mg. However, when a scarcity of Mg arose in the USA as a result of the Brit blockade of Ger in 1915, and the price of Mg soared from 1.65 to 5.00 per lb, three producers initiated operations and thus started a Mg industry in the USA. Subsequently, additional companies attempted production of Mg, but by 1920 only two producers remained — The Dow Chemical Co (one of the original three producers) and. the American Magnesium Corp. In 1927, the latter ceased production, and Dow continued to be the sole do- mestic producer until 1941. The source of Mg chloride was brine pumped from deep wells. In 1941, Dow put a plant into operation at Freeport, Texas, obtaining Mg chloride from sea-... 

Douglas, H.W. and Adair. D., The electrokinetic behaviour of minerals in aqueous electrolyte solutions. Part 2. Fluorspar, Trans. Faraday Soc., 50, 1251, 1954. 

Thewlis J, Glock GE, Murray MM (1939) Chemical and X-ray analysis of dental, mineral and synthetic apatites. Trans Faraday Soc 35 358-363... 

P. L, Hall, Neutron scattering techniques for the study of clay minertils, in Advanced Techniques for Clay Mineral Analysis (J. J. Fripiat, ed.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1982. S. Olejnik, G. C. Stirling, and J. W. White, Neutron scattering studies of hydrated layer silicates, Spec. Disc. Faraday Soc. 1 194 (1970). 

M. M. Mortland and K. V. Raman, Surface acidity of smectites in relation to hydration, exchangeable cation, and structure, Clays and Clay Minerals 16 393 (1968). See also J. D. Russell, Infrared study of the reactions of ammonia with montmorillonite and saponite, Trans. Faraday Soc. 61 2284 (1965), andM. M. Mortland, Protonation of compounds at clay mineral surfaces, Trans. 9th Int. Cong. Soil Sci. (Adelaide) 1 691 (1968). 

R. L. Parfitt, J. D. Russell, and V. C. Farmer, Confirmation of the surface structures of goethite (a-FeOOH) and phosphated goethite by infrared spectroscopy, J.C.S. Faraday I 72 1082 (1976). R. L. Parfitt, Phosphate adsorption on an oxisol. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 41 1065 (1977). R. L. Parfitt, R. J. Atkinson, and R. St. C. Smart, The mechanism of phosphate fixation on iron oxides. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 39 837 (1975). R. L. Parfitt, The nature of the phosphate-goethite (a-FeOOH) complex formed with Ca(H2P04)2 at different surface coverage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43 623 (1979). J. B. Harrison and V. E. Berkheiser, Anion interactions with freshly prepared hydrous iron oxides. Clays and Clay Minerals 30 97 (1982). 

The electrical component of adhesive force can be changed by heating the particles. The charges on mineral particles (referred to 1 g) after heating to 400°C and passing through a glass tube at 300°C (measurements performed in a Faraday cylinder connected to an electrometer) were determined in [129]. 

Carmichael RS (1989) Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals. CRC Press, 741 p Catti M, Sandrone G (1997) Ab initio study of corundum-like Mc203 oxides (Me = Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni). Faraday Discussions 189-203... 

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