Falsification

There is a fundamental difference between such scientific controversies and what simply can be called scientific fraud, i.e., deliberate falsification or fudging of data. Sloppy experimental work or data keeping can also lead to questionable or incorrect conclusions, and, although these violate established scientific standards and must be corrected (as they will), they do not necessarily represent deliberate fraud. In all this, the professor has a strict personal responsibility. As he/she is getting most of the recognition for the accomplishment of the research, it is only natural that he/she must also shoulder the responsibility for any mistakes, errors, or even falsifications. It is not accepta-... 

Trademarks were known in ancient civilizations. Wine jars found in Pompeii bore the mark Vesuvinum, identifying their contents as a wine produced in the region of Vesuvius. The artisan s guilds of Europe adopted marks to identify merchandise originating with their members such marks were protected against falsification by penal laws. 

The purpose of our work - to find more simple, reliable and fast method the determination of quality and falsification of cognacs. 

The exact numerical values of the criteria proposed here have no major significance because the interest is usually in knowing which extreme is close. The desire is mostly to be as close to zero as possible to avoid falsification of chemical rates by transport resistances. In spite of this, some numerical values are proposed in the final table to give some orientation about the magnitudes. These estimates are based on the... 

Georgakopoulos and Broucek (1987) investigated the effect of recycle ratio on non-ideality, both mathematically and experimentally. They investigated two cases from which the bypass case b was completely uninteresting, because total bypass of the catalyst bed could be avoided by feeding the makeup directly to the location of highest sheerfield, at the tip of the impeller blade. For their case a they showed on their Fig. 3. that from a recycle ratio of about 10 = 32 there was no observable falsification effect. This matched well the conclusion of Pirjamali et al. 

Falsification of reporting required by a federal, state or local permit... 

After such a revolution (in Kuhn s nomenclature), a period starts that he calls normal science . This means that the relevant field of science develops in a logical way by verification and falsification processes, but without fundamentally new discoveries. Kuhn showed that periods of normal science are based on paradigms. In classical Greek 7iapa5 vyna means a model, a shining example, but also admonition in the sense of a warning example. In science a paradigm may isolate a branch of science from new or potential developments. 

Popper s concept of falsification is related to negation in linguistics, i.e., to a psychologically influenced phenomenon of languages. 

A quotation from another great man of the 17th century refers to the same problem. Spinoza wrote in 1674 Omnis determinatio est negatio , i.e., each determination comes from a negation. If we take negatio as a description of falsification, we come to the basis of Popper s theory. Only a falsification is a real advance, because only this, but not a verification, is final. 

Clearly the result was too important to escape the scrutiny of falsification implicit in the way we do science. The Lunatic Asylum at Caltech under the leadership of Jerry Wasserburg took on that task. Jerry Wasserburg and Jim Chen clearly established the constancy and Earth-likeness of in the samplable universe. In the hands of... 

By the nature of the process by which olive oil is extracted from the olive, the oil is susceptible to contamination. The high price associated with olive oil of the highest purity— extra virgin olive oil — also leads to falsification by unscrupulous vendors who blend with less costly oils such as com, peanut, and soybean oil. Various analytical techniques have been devised to authenticate the purity of olive oil by detecting certain oil components. 

Origin science cannot be explained using normal traditional scientific theories, since the processes with which it deals cannot be checked by experiment and are thus also not capable of falsification. 

Collusion might take place between laboratories so that independent data are not submitted. Proficiency testing schemes should be designed to ensure that there is as little collusion and falsification as possible. For example, alternative samples could be distributed within a round. Also instructions should make it clear that collusion is contrary to professional scientific conduct and serves only to nullity the benefits of proficiency testing. 

The differences of the intrusion and extrusion mechanisms are the main factors, leading to the different pathways (hysteresis) of the branches in Fig. 1.16A. Furthermore, this effect causes the pore size distribution obtained from the intrusion curve to be incorrectly shifted towards smaller pore sizes. Unlike some inorganic materials of very regular pore structure (e.g. zeolites), permanently porous organic polymers consist of a very complex network of pores of different sizes connected to each other. Correction of these falsifications in the results described above is virtually impossible, since it implies a detailed understanding of the network. 

The fraudulent investigator may add data where the original are missing, possibly not wanting to admit that they forgot to obtain or record them or that they lost them (for instance, broken blood sample tube). Serious cases involve falsification of subject data where study subjects do not exist or were not actually recruited. Fthical approval and consent documentation are created at the site. ... 

A falsification of the gas composition resulting from adsorption and condensation can be avoided by heating the pressure converter and the capillary. 

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