Scientific fraud

The experiments that reject a hypothesis should be performed by many different scientists to guard against bias, mistake, misunderstanding, and fraud. Scientific journals use a process of peer review, in which scientists submit their results to a panel of fellow scientists (who may or (8 0) may not know the identity of the writer) for evaluation. Peer review may well have turned up problems and led to a closer examination of experimental evidence for many scientists. Much embarrassment, and wasted effort worldwide, has been avoided by objective peer review, in addition to continuing the use and proving the necessity of the scientific method. 

There is a fundamental difference between such scientific controversies and what simply can be called scientific fraud, i.e., deliberate falsification or fudging of data. Sloppy experimental work or data keeping can also lead to questionable or incorrect conclusions, and, although these violate established scientific standards and must be corrected (as they will), they do not necessarily represent deliberate fraud. In all this, the professor has a strict personal responsibility. As he/she is getting most of the recognition for the accomplishment of the research, it is only natural that he/she must also shoulder the responsibility for any mistakes, errors, or even falsifications. It is not accepta-... 

The EU laws follow three principles related to consumer health (1) protection, (2) fraud prevention, and (3) trade barriers. The union tried to harmonize the laws of different countries, particularly in recent years when the enlargement of the European Community became dynamic. Color Directive 94/36/EC contains horizontal provisions that refer to common laws in different countries and vertical directives that apply to specific foods. The EU directives take into account the recommendations of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF), the Codex AUmen-tarius Commission, and the Joint Food and Agriculture OrganizationAVorld Health Organization (FAOAVHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 

More recently, Robert A. Nelson s collection, Adept Alchemy (1998), continues to assert alchemy s scientific validity and its relationship to modem atomic science. Nelson s anthology intends to help alchemists working in the so-called dry path to transmutation. It includes extracts and summaries of work from the Middle Ages through the late twentieth century by Hermetic alchemists, chemists, and physicists, including the 1980 transmutation of bismuth into gold by scientists at the Lawrence Berkeley lab. (Nelson also includes the more controversial methods of Joe Champion in the 1990s. Champion was convicted of fraud in Arizona because he had not produced the results he claimed for investors.) Across the century, then, followers of occult alchemy have clearly continued to make connections to modern atomic science. 

Pinkus KV. Einancial auditing and fraud detection Implications for scientific data audit. Acct Res 1 53-70. 1989. 

Feder, Kenneth L. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology, 5th ed. New York McGraw-ffill, 2005. Archaeology, as with any science, has suffered from highly publicized claims backed with little or faulty scientific evidence. In describing some of these cases, such as the Piltdown hoax, this book discusses the scientific techniques and procedures that separate valid findings from unlikely claims. 

The manner with which the Polish scientists approached the problem, however, gives rise to serious suspicion that this was an attempt at scientific fraud, a suspicion which is also supported by the fact that they were unable to justify their incorrect methods of measurement except through their incompetence and ignorance. 

Dr. Green unconditionally defends the scientific frauds from the Cracow institute, and both get away with it, because in the eyes of the public, both have the politically correct scientific opinion about Auschwitz. Birds of the same feather flock together. 

Another training consideration is the detection, reporting, and handling of scientific fraud and misconduct. The emphasis of this training should be on helping staff members identify when a situation could raise suspicions of fraud... 

Both the ink and paper of a document possess potential value in detecting possible fraud through the use of scientific techniques. Within the Bureau of ATF, the Identification Branch of the Laboratory met the challenge placed on its chemists by the pressing needs of the many enforcement groups for this scientific type of work. These chemists discovered that the application of well established and proven scientific methods of ink analysis ( 1) in conjunction with a well maintained up-to-date standard ink library could lead to the identification and dating of writing inks (2). This accomplishment has proven to be extremely valuable whenever the date of preparation of a document is questioned. Paper analysis, which can provide valuable information in these efforts ( 3), will not be dealt with in this article. 

What we must conclude is the following The only scientific attempt to refute Fredrick A. Leuchter s most intriguing thesis turns out to be one of the biggest scientific frauds of the twentieth century. How desperate must they be - those who try to defend the established version of the Holocaust, i. e., the alleged systematic extermination of Jews in homicidal gas chambers - that they resort to such obviously fraudulent methods ... 

Which is easier to believe in, probability or God . .. The ultimate fraud is the scientific atheist who believes in probability. 

As the dietary supplement industry drastically continues to grow, so does the risk. Possible fraudulent products as well as consumer injury are both widely reported. It is very simple for a consumer to obtain such products of fraud due to advertisements on the internet, TV, and magazines. These articles promote a new product claiming to be a miracle cure , magical , or new discovery , however, if the product was a cure it would already be reported and used by health care professionals. Some promotions claim that the product can cure a wide range of unrelated diseases, but no product can do this. There are even some that claim to be backed by scientific studies, but the references may be inadequate or nonexistent. For instance, if a list of references is... 

There has been much published on the incidence, detection and prosecution of publication fraud, rather less on fraud and misconduct in clinical research, but we should be equally concerned about research fraud. The Consensus Conference on Misconduct in Biomedical Research convened by the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1999 defined research misconduct as behavior by a researcher, intentional or not, that falls short of good ethical and scientific standards . Frank Wells, co-founder of MedicoLegal Investigations Ltd., the only specialist research fraud investigation company in Europe, prefers the generation of false data with the intention to deceive . 

The editors of scientific journals, vehemently expressing their abhorrence of research and publication fraud, established the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) in the United Kingdom in 1997. They recommend peer review and require all named authors to sign the letter of submission, coupled with clear declarations from all parties as to conflict of interest. Such procedures would have prevented Pearce s fraud as the paper on the reimplantation of the ectopic fetus had not undergone peer review, and the co-authors were not required to detail their involvement. 

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