Results falsification

Clearly the result was too important to escape the scrutiny of falsification implicit in the way we do science. The Lunatic Asylum at Caltech under the leadership of Jerry Wasserburg took on that task. Jerry Wasserburg and Jim Chen clearly established the constancy and Earth-likeness of in the samplable universe. In the hands of... 

The differences of the intrusion and extrusion mechanisms are the main factors, leading to the different pathways (hysteresis) of the branches in Fig. 1.16A. Furthermore, this effect causes the pore size distribution obtained from the intrusion curve to be incorrectly shifted towards smaller pore sizes. Unlike some inorganic materials of very regular pore structure (e.g. zeolites), permanently porous organic polymers consist of a very complex network of pores of different sizes connected to each other. Correction of these falsifications in the results described above is virtually impossible, since it implies a detailed understanding of the network. 

A falsification of the gas composition resulting from adsorption and condensation can be avoided by heating the pressure converter and the capillary. 

The influence of the sensitivity of the assessors on AEDA has been studied [11], with the result that the differences in the FD factors determined by a group of six panellists amount to not more than two dilution steps (e.g. 64 and 256), implying that the key odorants in a given extract will undoubtedly be detected. However, to avoid falsification of the result by anosmia, AEDA of a sample should be independently performed by at least two assessors. As detailed in [6], odour threshold values of odorants can be determined by AEDA using a sensory internal standard, e.g. ( )-2-decenal. However, as shown in Table 16.6 these odour threshold values may vary by several orders of magnitude [8] owing to different properties of the stationary phases. Consequently, such effects will also influence the results of dilution experiments. Indeed, different FD factors were determined for 2-methyl-3-furanthiol on the stationary phases SE-54 and FFAP 2 and 2 , respectively. In contrast, 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone showed higher FD factors on FFAP than on SE-54 2 and 2, respectively. Consequently, FD factors should be determined on suitable GC capillaries [8]. However, the best method to overcome the limitations of GC-O and the dilution experiment is a sensory study of aroma models (Sect. 16.6.3). 

Replication of the results are at the core of the falsification process of hypotheses or theories (145). However, even the best... 

The current good manufacturing practices (GMP) state that Laboratory records shall include complete data derived from all tests necessary to assure compliance with established specifications and standards [5]. This includes all electronic and hard copies of raw data, laboratory notebooks, and/or worksheets and reports. Additionally, the regulations require that records shall be readily available for authorized inspection [6]. Consequently, the organization must have a well-defined audit trail for the generation, storage, and retrieval of reports and raw data. It must also be shown that there is adequate document management and security of all raw data and reports in terms of both disaster recovery and prevention of falsification of results. 

In its simpler form, the idea of falsification can be derived from the laws of Logic in fact, if Th stands for theory and Ex for experimental result, the modus tollens gives... 

Each company should have a policy that strictly prohibits the deliberate falsification, mutilation, obliteration, or destruction of raw data and associated GMP documentation. Companies must insist on strict adherence to such policies and should take aggressive disciplinary action when lapses are detected. Failure to do so may subject the company and its corporate officers to severe regulatory sanctions, including criminal prosecution under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the general criminal laws of the United States (Title 18, U.S. Code). Even inadvertent (non-deliberate) acts that result in loss of data or records should be prevented, and, if they occur, they should be promptly and thoroughly investigated. 

The fabrication, falsification, plagiarism or deception in proposing, carrying out or reporting results of... 

Falsification the deliberate distortion or omission of undesired data/results, including the dishonest misinterpretation of results... 

There are many ways in which scientific misconduct can occur. An example that often gets publicized by the press is scientific misconduct pertaining to the falsification of results, namely publication of fictitious or altered results claimed... 

Bonis (Ann. Falsif. 1909, 12, 521) gives the following results of analyses of Martinique rum ... 

Changes of viscosity or temperature result in a falsification of the signal. 

Avoid scientific misconduct and expose it when encountered. AAPS uses the current federal definition of misconduct, 65 FR 76260-76264 Fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research or reporting research results. 

Another, wider look at the scene is Robert Bell s Impure Science Fraud, Compromise and Political Influence in Scientific Research (1992). The major part of BeU s book is concerned with the falsification or distortion of data and results that had occurred within the academic biochemical and pharmaceutical community, and were investigated by Michigan s Congressman John DingeU and his Subcommittee on Oversights and Investigations. The most notorious was what became known as the David Baltimore case. The remainder of the book is concerned with government... 

All these interpretations fit the experimental results - but which is the most credible This question is, in our opinion, a typical case to be solved on the basis of Popper s book Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935, 1980) A hypothesis is postulated from observations. The hypothesis should then be tested by experiment, designed either to verify or to falsify the original hypothesis. A verification is never definitive and absolute, but a falsification is. If two or more hypotheses fit certain experimental results, a new experiment must be designed in such a way that it will verify one hypothesis, but falsify the other. By such a procedure, erroneous hypotheses can be... 

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