Factorial efficiency

Some induction heating furnaces must operate at frequencies higher than the supply frequency. Formerly, rotating motor alternator frequency converters were used. Now the avadabdity of high speed, high power sdicon controlled rectifiers for use in frequency converters has made rotary converters obsolete. Modem units operate at higher efficiency, cost less, require less factory space, and coordinate readdy with process controls (2). 

A cane factory generates its own requirements for energy, from burning bagasse to produce electricity one tonne of mill mn bagasse (50% moisture) is equivalent in fuel value, at 3,700 kj /kg (884 kcal/kg), to one barrel (159 L) of fuel oil. An efficient raw sugar or plantation white factory will use 70—80%... 

There are obvious benefits to be derived from consensus standards which define the chemistry and properties of specific materials. Such standards allow designers and users of materi s to work with confidence that the materials supplied will have the expected minimum properties. Designers and users can also be confident that comparable materials can be purchased from several suppliers. Producers are confident that materials produced to an accepted standard will find a ready market and therefore can be produced efficiently in large factories. 

Present-day nomenclature is partly the result of the conflict and interplay of two functions the need to communicate in speech and on the printed page on the one hand, and the need for archival storage of information and its efficient, reliable retrieval. The former function came first, and laid the basis for the nomenclature most commonly used even today, and gave birth to a wealth of trivial names (i.e. names that give little or no information on structure). These were often coined on the basis of the origin of the substance, as in the case of collidine, obtained from distillation of bones in glue factories, or were derived from a special characteristic, as in the case of skatole, which has a fecal odor. Such names are short and generally euphonious, but they must be memorized they cannot be deduced from the structure. 

Some pump eompanies will design replaceable wear bands for the OD of the impeller eye and the bore of the pump housing. It s said that the pump loses 1.5% to 2% efficiency points for every one thousandths wear in a wear band beyond the factory setting. Therefore, by changing wear bands, the pump is returned to its original effieiency. Becau.se of this, the term wear band is a misnomer. A better term would be effieiency band (Figure 6-19). 

In recent years, the use of solvent-borne adhesives has been seriously restricted. Solvents are, in general, volatile, flammable and toxic. Further, solvent may react with other airborne contaminants contributing to smog formation and workplace exposure. These arguments have limited the use of solvent-bome adhesives by different national and European regulations. Although solvent recovery systems and afterburners can be effectively attached to ventilation equipment, many factories are switching to the use of water-borne rubber adhesives, hot melts or 100% solids reactive systems, often at the expense of product performance or labour efficiency. 

This increase in productivity is accounted for partly by a decrease in absenteeism and accidents as well as a general increase in working efficiency. For example, Vernon (1918), found that when women in a munitions factory worked a 12-hour day they incurred 2.5 times more accidents than when they worked a 10-hour day. One of the more comprehensive studies of the effects of total hours of work was carried out after World War II by the U.S. Department of Labor (Kossoris and Kohler, 1947). This covered over 3500 men and women in 78 work units. Data were collected on accidents and absenteeism as well as productivity. The overall findings were that exceeding the 8-hour work day, 5 days/40 hours work week resulted in lower productivity and higher absenteeism and accident rates. 

Tuch-fabrik, /. cloth factory, cloth mill, -far-berei, /. cloth dyeing, -rot, n. cloth red. tiichtig, a. capable, skilful, effective, efficient ... 

Not all energy-efficiency improvements have a significant impact on productivity in offices or factories. Nonetheless, productivity gains are then possible... 

Factory tests establish the pressure head, power, efficiency and NPSH over the complete flow range the pump can deliver running at design speed. British Standard, DIN standard or ANSI standard codes or national variations from such main codes lay down the manner of test procedure, and a minimum requirement is quite often defined by industry codes such as API 610. This is not the place to discuss instrument accuracy, as the codes lay down the limits possible from conventional instruments. There are two main classes of test the commercial requirements normally possible in the maker s test plant and high-accuracy tests that are only possible by using substandard instruments and very sophisticated techniques. 

A survey of the lubrication requirements, usually carried out by the lubricant supplier, can often be the means of significantly reducing the number of oils and greases in a workshop or factory. The efficiency of lubrication may well be increased, and the economies affected are likely to be substantial. 

Waste reduction should be geared towards increasing production efficiency in existing industrial plants that is, one must know what is going on inside the factory walls. In-depth knowledge about the production is essential for the implementation of a preventive approach to environmental protection that... 

Recently, nonliving biomass of S. cucullata has been described as a low-cost absorbent of Cr(VI).106 Optimum conditions for the Cr(VI) adsorption by acid-treated S. cucullata were found out using a full factorial design. The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of the adsorbent was found to increase with the increase in time, temperature, adsorbate concentration, and stirring speed, and to decrease with increase in pH and adsorbent dose. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis revealed that in addition to electrostatic force, the adsorption may be due to... 

Canto and colleagues52 operated an integrated anoxic-aerobic treatment of wastewaters from a synthetic resin producing factory (Figure 19.9). These authors managed to treat up to 2.01 kg/m3 d COD and up to 0.93 kg/m3 d TKN with removal efficiencies of 80 to 95% and 58 to 93% for COD and TKN, respectively. 

---