Factor cross-sensitivity

The factors SA represent the cross sensitivities (partial sensitivities according to Kaiser [1972]) characterizing how the signal y(zA) is influenced by the species i ... 

The robustness of an analytical procedure for the determination of the analyte A in presence of some accompanying species i = B,...,N under influence of various factors fj(j = l,...,m) according to Eq. (4.30) is in reciprocal proportion to the sum of all their cross sensitivities, SA multiplied by the actual amounts, x and the specific influencing strengths, hjy of the factors multiplied by their actual values (in relation to xA) see Danzer (2004). Because of the way measurements are obtained, the range of their values is range = (0... oo), so it makes sense to calculate the relative robustness which includes the analyte sensitivity and amount itself, SAA xA, as follows ... 

Imipenem-cilastatin is one of the drugs of first choice for the empirical therapy of many polymicrobial pulmonary, intraabdominal, and soft tissue infections. The notable adverse effect of imipenem-cilastatin is seizures affecting 1% of patients. Risk factors for seizures are old age, head trauma, previous seizure disorder, cerebrovascular accident, and renal failure. Among patients with a history of penicillin allergy, 10% are cross-sensitive to imipenem-cilastatin. 

J, may in such cases proceed as S, Tj Tv where AEsxTj is the controlling factor. The sensitivity of cross-over rates on the energy gap is... 

Notice that one can only measure the product pao with this technique. Notice also that the event rate at energy E depends on the WIMP velocity distribution at speeds v > ME/2p . This integration limit depends on the nuclear mass, and thus detectors with different kinds of nuclei are sensitive to different regions of the WIMP velocity space. Moreover, the cross section gq scales differently for spin-dependent and spin-independent WIMP-nucleus interactions. Finally, while there is a consensus on the spin-independent nuclear form factors, spin-dependent form factors are sensitive to detailed modeling of the proton and neutron wave functions inside the nucleus , seeand references therein] Jungman 1996. 

The principal advantage of sensors is therefore their fast response time in comparison to the retention time in chromatography, but the sensor response is partially a sum signal of the favourably enriched analyte and the cross-sensitive compounds, which makes a independent calibration necessary. Furthermore, it is essential for the sensor layer to allow a completely reversible inclusion process, while still maintaining high selectivities and high enrichment factors. 

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, mediated through IgE antibodies to cephalosporin determinants, are a major factor Umiting their use. Early cases of anaphylaxis to cephalosporins were probably due to contamination with trace amounts of peniciUin (151). These studies may therefore have over-reported cross-sensitivity. 

Transducers based on diverse effects differ in efficiency, static output characteristics (linear, exponential, etc.), dynamic behavior (time constants, bandwidth, etc.), and cross sensitivity to the influence of interfering factors (e.g., tempera-... 

MEMS devices have to meet certain criteria with respect to their functional parameters, for example, a scale factor, offset of the output value, temperature coefficient, nonlinearity, hysteresis, noise, resolution, and cross sensitivities, which characterize the system s performance. In addition, we are interested in the reliability, yield, and cost of the devices. The set of functional parameters depends on a set of model parameters, consisting of processing, material, and geometrical parameters. All model parameters act as input parameters for the design procedure as well as for the manufacturing process. Material parameters are influenced by... 

To avoid the expense of technical equipment providing data of minimal significance, many factors must be taken into consideration when planning for the installation of a continuous monitoring system. First, the hazardous substances present in the air have to be known qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The chemical agents have to be checked for possible cross-sensitivities, and, depending on the nature of the chemicals, suitable analytical instruments have to be selected. 

The cross sensitivity, interference factor 4, of most of the elements... 

Risk factors for dmg allergies can be divided into those that are patient-related or drag-related. The former group covers the influences of age, sex, current diseases, previous exposure, and genetic factors the latter, cross-sensitivity/ reactions of drags, nature of the drag, the degree of exposure, and route of administration. 

A Mass Spectrometer (MS) (Balzers QMS200) was used for species analysis. This instrument can provide the qualitative and quantitative temporal evolution of the composition of the outlet gas mixture. The following m/e ratios were monitored in order to follow the transient behavior of the most relevant species 15 (NHj), 18 (H2O), 28 (N2), 30 (NO), 32 (O2), 40 (Ar), 44 (NjO), and 46 (NO2). The MS data were elaborated taking into account the species cross-sensitivities and the response factors periodically estimated by means of specific calibration runs in a blank reactor, thus obtaining the outlet concentrations of reactants and products. A UV analyzer (ABB Limas IIHW), which provided accurate continuous simultaneous measurements of ammonia, NO, and NO2, was also coupled in parallel to the MS [10]. 

The challenge of estimating the NOx sensor ammonia cross-sensitivity factor lies in the fact that a dynamic model is hard to be developed. For the SCR-out NOx concentration estimation, it is possible to employ an accurate SCR model with a NOx sensor upstream of the SCR catalyst and the amount of AdBlue injection. However, such prediction requires a high-accuracy SCR model, which is... 

According to the studies in [11] and [26], the cross-sensitivity factor Kcs variation is mainly caused by temperature change. Because engine exhaust temperature dynamics after the SCR catalyst is generally slow, the cross-sensitivity factor K s in Eq. (14.31) is assumed to be a slowly time-varying variable, and it can be modeled by the following equation ... 

Based on the prediction and measurement equations of Eqs. (14.36) and (14.37), the extended Kalman filter for the estimations of NO and NO2 (NO ) concentrations and the sensor ammonia cross-sensitivity factor can be constructed. 

Simulated sensor errors were applied to the system to evaluate the observer sensitivities with respect to the measurement uncertainties. In this section, NOx sensor ammonia cross-sensitivity factor is modeled as a slow time-varying signal. If not specified, NOx sensor is subjected to a cross-sensitivity to ammonia as modeled in... 

Eq. (14.31) and the cross-sensitivity is eliminated by the EKF. Nine cases were compared as listed in Table 14.1. The variances represent the sensor errors (i.e., 1 means there is no sensor error, 1.1 means the measured value is 1.1 times the actual value, and 0 means there is no measurement available and the measurement is 0). The is the pre-exponential factors of the considered SCR reactions. Also the ammonia storage capacity uncertainties are considered in observer 2. The initial NH3 coverage ratio was set to 0.3 in the observers while the real value starts from 0. 

Cross, R. K., and Fields, B. N., 1976, Use of an aberrant polypeptide as a marker in three-factor crosses Further evidence for independent reassortment as the mechanism of recombination between temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3, Virology 74 345. 

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