F Ethyl acrylate

Figure 6. Weight gain as a function of radiation dose for an Esparto based paper with ethyl acrylate methy1 methacrylate (Q) f ethyl acrylate butyl methacrylate ( ) and ethyl acrylate dodecyl methacrylate ( ). ... 

Polymerization processes are characterized by extremes. Industrial products are mixtures with molecular weights of lO" to 10. In a particular polymerization of styrene the viscosity increased by a fac tor of lO " as conversion went from 0 to 60 percent. The adiabatic reaction temperature for complete polymerization of ethylene is 1,800 K (3,240 R). Heat transfer coefficients in stirred tanks with high viscosities can be as low as 25 W/(m °C) (16.2 Btu/[h fH °F]). Reaction times for butadiene-styrene rubbers are 8 to 12 h polyethylene molecules continue to grow lor 30 min whereas ethyl acrylate in 20% emulsion reacts in less than 1 min, so monomer must be added gradually to keep the temperature within hmits. Initiators of the chain reactions have concentration of 10" g mol/L so they are highly sensitive to poisons and impurities. 

Chemoselective alkenylation in the C-3 position of N-substituted 3,5-dichloropyrazin-2(lH)-ones has been described by Van der Eycken et al. [27]. When a mixture of N-substituted 3,5-dichloropyrazin-2(lH)-one, ethyl acrylate, and NEts in DME, using Pd(OAc)2/DTPB [2-(di-f-butylphosphanyl)bi-phenyl] as a precatalyst, was irradiated for 15 min at 150 °C, the desired /1-fimctionabzed ethyl acrylates could be obtained in moderate yields (Scheme 81). When styrene was used as an alkene, a mixture of E and Z products was isolated. The type of catalyst used proved to be important to avoid competitive Diels-Alder reaction of ethyl acrylate with the hetero-diene system of 3,5-dichloro-l-benzylpyrazin-2(lH)-one. 

Miktoarm stars of the A(BC)2 type, where A is PS, B is poly(f-bulyl acrylate) (PtBA), and C is PMMA [161] have been synthesized, by using the trifunctional initiator 2-phenyl-2-[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl)-l-piperidinyloxy] ethyl 2,2-bis[methyl(2-bromopropionato)] propionate (NMP, ATRP) (Scheme 86). In the first step, a PS macroinitiator with dual < -bromo functionality was obtained by NMP of styrene in bulk at 125 °C. This precursor was subsequently used as the macroinitiator for the ATRP of ferf-bulyl acry-... 

In one case, the intermolecular Heck reaction of 3-pyridyltriflate with ethyl acrylate was accelerated by LiCl to give 159 [127,128], Here, both electronic and steric effects all favored p-substitution. In another case, however, electronic effects prevailed and complete a-substitution was observed. In the presence of an electron-donating substituent (i.e., a protected amine), 3-bromopyridine 160 was coupled with f-butoxyethylene to give 3-pyridyl methyl ketone 162 [126]. The regiochemistry of the Heck reaction was governed by inductive effects, leading to intermediate 161. 

In the coupling of 3-(2 -chloropyridyl)-triflate and ethyl acrylate (7.46.) steric and electronic factors both drive the pyridine moiety into the /3-position of the olefin.65 Although the 2-position of the pyridine ring is more activated, the enhanced reactivity of the triflate in oxidative addition leads to selective reaction in the 3-position. Analogous to some previously mentioned reactions involving triflates the addition of lithium chloride was found to accelerate the coupling (c.f 7.28.),... 

Kligerman, A.D., Atwater, A.L., Bryant, M.F., Erexson, G.L., Kwanyuen, P. Dearfield, K. L. (1991) Cytogenetic studies of ethyl acrylate using C57BL/6 mice. Mutagenesis, 6, 137-141... 

WHO (1993) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 2nd Ed., Vol. 1, Recommendations, Geneva Zimmermann, F.K. Mohr, A. (1992) Formaldehyde, glyoxal, urethane, methyl carbamate, 2.3-butanedione, 2,3-hexanedione, ethyl acrylate, dibromoacetonitrile and 2-hydroxypropionitrile... 

HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HMX HNS NTO NTO/HMX NTO/HMX NTO/HMX PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN PETN RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX RDX TATB/HMX Cariflex (thermoplastic elastomer) Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (polyurethane) Hydroxy-terminated polyester Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene) Nylon (polyamide) Polyester resin-styrene Polyethylene Polyurethane Poly(vinyl) alcohol Poly(vinyl) butyral resin Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Viton (fluoroelastomer) Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Cariflex (block copolymer of butadiene-styrene) Cariflex (block copolymer of butadiene-styrene) Estane (polyester polyurethane copolymer) Hytemp (thermoplastic elastomer) Butyl rubber with acetyl tributylcitrate Epoxy resin-diethylenetriamine Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene) Latex with bis-(2-ethylhexyl adipate) Nylon (polyamide) Polyester and styrene copolymer Poly(ethyl acrylate) with dibutyl phthalate Silicone rubber Viton (fluoroelastomer) Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Epoxy ether Exon (polychlorotrifluoroethylene/vinylidine chloride) Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (polyurethane) Kel-F (polychlorotrifluoroethylene) Nylon (polyamide) Nylon and aluminium Nitro-fluoroalkyl epoxides Polyacrylate and paraffin Polyamide resin Polyisobutylene/Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Polyester Polystyrene Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) Kraton (block copolymer of styrene and ethylene-butylene)... 

Novel spiropenicillins (Scheme 5) have also been prepared by Sheehan et al. [78]. (3,(3,(3-Trichloroethyl-6-diazopenicillanate 14 reacts with acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, and f-butyl acrylate to give isomeric compounds 16 and 17. The preferred mode of addition is from the sterically less hindered a-side. 

FIGURE 18.10 Inhibitory effect of polymers on recrystallization of nifedipine (NP) from a supersaturated solution at pH 6.8. HPMCAS, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetate succinate HPMC, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose HPMCP, hydroxypropylmethyl pthate PVP, polyvinyl pyrrolidone MAEA, methacrylic acid ethyl acrylate copolymer. (From Tanno, F., Y. Nishiyama, H. Kokubo, S. Obara. ZWMjDev Ind Pharm30 13. 

Ethylphenylthallium(III) acetate perchlorate, 3296 Ethylphosphine, 0945 f 1-Ethylpiperidine, 2864 f 2-Ethylpiperidine, 2865 f Ethyl propanoate, see Ethyl propionate, 1964 f Ethyl propenoate, see Ethyl acrylate, 1907 N- Et h y I -N-propy I carbamoy I chloride, 2462 f Ethyl propyl ether, 2007... 

The freeze/thaw (F/T) stability of a polymer emulsion serves as a macroscopic probe for investigating the properties of the average particle in a polymer emulsion. A review of the factors which contribute to this stability is included. A study of styrene-ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid polymers shows the existence of a minimum in the plot of minimum weight percent acid required for F/T stability vs. the minimum film formation temperature (MFT) of the polymer. This is considered to be a function of both the amount of associated surfactant and the minimum acid content. Thus, both the type of surfactant and the copolymer ratio—i.e., MFT—play major roles. Chain transfer between radicals and polyether surfactant resulting in covalently bonded surfactant-polymer combinations is important in interpreting the results. 

Styrene—Ethyl Acrylate (S—EA) Copolymers. At the inception of the research on F/T stability, it was evident that more than one polymer system would require investigation before adequate conclusions could be drawn regarding the various pertinent parameters. These include, in addition to the previous considerations, surfactant type and amount as a function of polymer type. 

To this end, work has been initiated on a series of somewhat less polar styrene-ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid emulsion polymers. The first major difference encountered in changing from the MMA-EA-MAA to the S-EA-MAA polymers was the need for at least a 50% increase in surfactant to obtain a coagulate-free emulsion for the 100% styrene vs. 100% methyl methacrylate. The determination of the minimum weight percent of MAA required to yield a F/T stable emulsion for various copolymers gave the results listed in Table III. 

Since the styrene series contains more surfactant than the methyl methacrylate series and since the ethyl acrylate has afforded increased surfactant adsorptivity to the styrene by a mechanism to be proposed under Question d, the equilibrium suggested by Equation 1 is shifted markedly to the left, resulting in lower requirements for carboxylate ions to achieve F/T stability. 

Michael Addition. Titanium imide enolates are excellent nucleophiles in Michael reactions. Michael acceptors such as ethyl vinyl ketone, Methyl Acrylate, Acrylonitrile, and f-butyl acrylate react with excellent diastereoselection (eq 21 ). - Enolate chirality transfer is predicted by inspection of the chelated (Z)-enolate. For the less reactive unsaturated esters and nitriles, enolates generated from TiCl3(0-j-Pr) afford superior yields, albeit with slightly lower selectivities. The scope of the reaction fails to encompass p-substituted, a,p-unsaturated ketones which demonstrate essentially no induction at the prochiral center. Furthermore, substimted unsamrated esters do not act as competent Michael acceptors at all under these conditions. 

Fig. 18. Rate R %/rainl versus conveision dependence during polymerizatMn of (i) methyl acrylate <2) ethyl acrylate and (3) butyl acrylate in the presence of SDDS (A) and AAOES (B). The graphs are plotted from the kinetic curves in F g, 9- Initiator benzoyl peroxide.

On the basis of tbe data presented tbe kinetic equation fethyl acrylate polymerization in the presence of various emulsffiers may be written as follows ... 

Bulk addition multipolymerization kinetics occurs when two monomers are employed. Bulk free-radical homopolymerizations and copolymerizations that are implemented in REX include a) styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-methyl methacrylate, styrene-acrylamide b) methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile, ABS c) acrylate ester mixtures d) ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid and mixtures with other monomers e) methyl methacrylate f) 8-caprolactone and, n-isopropylacrylamide-acrylic... 

Some remarks concerning the scope of the cobalt chelate catalysts 207 seem appropriate. Terminal double bonds in conjugation with vinyl, aryl and alkoxycarbonyl groups are cyclopropanated selectively. No such reaction occurs with alkylsubstituted and cyclic olefins, cyclic and sterically hindered acyclic 1,3-dienes, vinyl ethers, allenes and phenylacetyleneThe cyclopropanation of electron-poor alkenes such as acrylonitrile and ethyl acrylate (optical yield in the presence of 207a f 33%) with ethyl diazoacetate deserve notice, as these components usually... 

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