Extractants development

Eluex An early process for extracting uranium from its ores, using both ion-exchange and solvent extraction. Developed by the National Lead Company, United States. 

ROSE (1) [Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction] A process for extracting asphaltenes and resins from petroleum residues, using supercritical propane or isobutane as the extractant. Developed by Kerr-McGee Corporation in 1979 and sold to the MW Kellog Company in 1995, at which time 25 units had been licensed. 

Truex [Transuranium extraction] A process for removing transuranic elements during the processing of nuclear fuel by solvent extraction. Developed by E. P. Howitz at the Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL. See also SREX. 

Zinclor A development of the Zincex process which uses di-pentylpentylphosphonate (DPPP) as the extractant. Developed by Tecnicas Reunidas. 

A whole new technology with respect to extraction, developed within the last decade, has been the use of supercritical or near supercritical fluids as solvent. 

Precipitated Th with La-fluoride, clean-up by complexation and solvent extraction, develop color as thorium-morin complex. 

The chemical properties of nitric oxide,—Nitric oxide is not combustible, and it supports the combustion of a few substances, but not that of a candle. Nitric oxide is irrespirable since, in the presence of air, it forms brown fumes of nitrogen peroxide. L. Hermann 6 said that oxygenated blood is darkened when shaken with nitric oxide, and it seems to form a nitrosylhcemaglobin. W. Manchot discussed the compounds formed by nitric oxide with blood. F. Hatton showed that the bacteria which are connected with the putrefaction of meat extracts develop quite well in an atm. of nitric oxide. 

FIGURE 3.18 SoftN-donorpolyazine extractants developed for An(III)/Ln(III) separation. 

Inhibition of development of rancidity Strong antioxidative effect, Arg and xylose giving much less colour On heating, antioxidant capacity of 5 g Trolox equiv. per 100 g dried extract develops Improved oxidative stability... 

With the growth in economic potential seen recently in the Circum-Black Sea countries the environmental stress may be aggravated. The main causes include construction of new and rehabilitation of existing sea ports, revival of the merchant and tanker fleet, consolidation of the naval component, construction of oil and gas pipelines and hydrocarbon extraction, development of health resorts and recreation activities. 

Also called percolation, this is the newest method of extraction, developed in the 1990s. It is similar to steam distillation but is quicker and simpler. Steam percolates downwards through the plant material, and the extracted oil and steam are condensed in the same manner as in conventional steam distillation. 

CED [Conversion Extraction Desulfurization] A process for reducing the sulfur content of diesel fuel. Peroxyacetic acid oxidizes the organic sulfur compounds to sulfones, which are removed by solvent extraction. Developed in 2000 by Petro Star. 

GT-Styrene Recovery A process for recovering styrene from hydrocarbon fractions obtained by the steam cracking of petroleum. It uses extractive distillation with a proprietary selective extractant. Developed by GTC Technology (formerly Glitsch Technology Corporation) and planned for installation at a Chinese oil refinery in 2007. 

NAPEX [NAPhtha Extraction] A process that upgrades the naphtha fed to an ethylene cracking unit. It combines naphtha hydrotreating with aromatics extraction. Developed by Ethylene Consultants. There are also several nonchemical uses of the word. 

UNEX [UNiversal EXtractant] A process for removing all the major radioactive elements from nuclear processing liquors in one step, using a mixture of complex extractants. Developed from 1994 by an international team from the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (United States) and the Khlopin Radium Institute (Russia). 

UREX [URanium Extraction] A solvent extraction process for extracting uranium and technetium from used nuclear fuel, while rejecting all the transuranic elements. Based on the Purex process, which uses tributyl phosphate in a hydrocarbon mixture, but incorporating acetohydroxamic acid, which complexes the Pu and Np and thereby prevents them from being extracted. Developed by the Westinghouse Savannah River Company in 2003. Associated processes are NPEX, TRUEX, and Cyanex 301. 

Method. Apply 25 p, of the reference solution to the first column of the plate, and apply 25 ]al of the acidic extract from the solvent extraction mediod, or of the column extract, to the next column on the plate. Use a lOO-p, gas-chromatography syringe for Ihe application, taking great care to wash the syringe several times with chloroform between the application of each extract. Develop the plate in a tank containing chloroform acetone (4 1) (System TD, p. 168). After development, remove the plate and dry under a hot-air blower. 

A 2-month-old child given perioperative phenylephrine drops during cataract extraction developed ventricular extra beats, very severe hypertension, and pulmonary edema requiring intensive therapy (5). Extubation was possible within 3 hours, and she recovered with no untoward consequences. 

A 60-year-old patient, who had taken no medications other than kava extract, developed liver and kidney failure and progressive encephalopathy (8). Viral, metabolic, and autoimmune causes were excluded. Liver biopsy was consistent with toxic Uver damage. The patient eventually received an orthotopic Uver transplant and made a good recovery. 

Extractables. Development data can often show that a test for extractables is redundant, but when leaching of extractables can result in interaction between a product and its container/label/closure system, an extractables test might be appropriate. 

Some remarks are to be made before we start the discussion of the architecture The architecture reflects layer 3 and 4 of Fig. 1.6 and, in addition, has a layer for existing platforms to be used. User interface handling does not appear in the architecture, as our architecture is too sketchy. Therefore, layer 2 of Fig. 1.6 is missing. Layer 1 does not appear, as layer 2 should reflect the application models with corresponding and suitable user interface functionality. A further simplification of the architecture is that the distribution of the overall environment is not shown. Finally, the specific environments of the last subsection (for extracting developers experience, defining consistency rules, or adapting a process, etc.) are also not shown. 

Solute transport through the LM enhances by water-immiscible species, dissolved in the solvent (water immiscible also) and selectively interacted with solutes. These species are named carriers and transport is facilitated, or membrane-mediated, or carrier-enhanced, or... (authors use different terms for the same phenomenon). Most LM carriers are originally extractants developed for solvent extraction processes. The reader can find their descriptions in the Solvent Extraction Handbooks, for example [88, 89]. Many new carriers are developed specially for LM (see Section 4). The use of LM with carriers offers an alternative to solvent extraction for selective separation and concentration of metal ions from dilute solutions. 

Soxhlet extraction (developed by F. Soxhlet in 1879) and polymer dissolution are both examples of traditionally used solid-liquid extraction techniques. 

---