Universal extraction

This method has been shown to be a step forward in the development of a universal extractant for nutrients and metals by Erp et al. (1998). 

The classical Soxhlet extraction technique has seen some improvements, mainly in the submersion of the whole extraction thimble into the boiling extraction solvent, degree of automation, and in reduction of solvent volume. In a recently introduced universal extraction system (Biichi) four SLE methods are contained in one device Soxhlet Standard, Soxhlet warm, hot extraction and continuous flow. It is possible to use solvents with boiling points of up to 150 °C inert gas can be supplied during the extraction process. 

FIGURE 3.4 Universal extraction process flowsheet (UNEX). (From Law, J.D., Herbst, R.S., Todd, T.A., Wood, D.J., Romanovskiy, V.N., Esimantovskiy, V.N., Smirnov, I.V., Babain, V.A., Zaitsev, B.N. 1999. Global 1999 Nuclear Technology - Bridging the Millennia, August-September 1999, Jackson Hole, WY.)... 

Luther, T.A., Herbst, R.S., Peterman, D.R., Tillotson, R.D., Gam, T.G., Babain, V.A., Smirnov, I.V., Stoyanov, E.S., Antonov, N.G. Some aspects of fundamental chemistry of the Universal Extraction (UNEX) process for the simultaneous separation of major radionuclides (cesium, strontium, actinides, and lanthanides) from radioactive wastes. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (2006), 267 (3), 603-613. 

Universal extraction bags 12 x 14 cm with synthetic intermediate layer (Bioreba AG). 

Place the slices into Universal extraction bags, and add 1 mL of sample extraction buffer (SEB) to each. 

In 1934, Edward A. Doisy of Washington University extracted 3000 lb of hog ovaries to isolate a few milligrams of pure... 

UNEX [UNiversal EXtractant] A process for removing all the major radioactive elements from nuclear processing liquors in one step, using a mixture of complex extractants. Developed from 1994 by an international team from the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (United States) and the Khlopin Radium Institute (Russia). 

The three universal extractants, ammonium carbonate, ammonium acetate, and AB-DTPA, have an advantage in that the extracts can be read directly for their Mo concentrations by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry, direct-current plasma-emission spectrometry. 

In 1934, Edward A. Doisy of Washington University extracted 3(XX) lb of hog ovaries to isolate a few milligrams of pure estradiol, a potent female hormone. Doisy burned 5.00 mg of this precious sample in oxygen and found that 14.54 mg of Cp2 and 3.97 mg of H2O were generated. 

Collaborative research by the Idaho National Laboratory and the Khlopin Radium Institute (St. Petersburg, Russia) has developed and validated the concept of a Universal Extraction (UNEX) process, for the simultaneous separation of cesium, strontium, the actinides, and the lanthanides from acidic waste solutions. The UNEX process solvent consists of... 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) is a selective technique of sample preparation that enables the preparation of matrices by varying several physical parameters. Nowadays, it is considered to be the best replacement for many extraction technologies, such as accelerated solvent, Soxhlet solvent, microwave assisted extraction and so on. It was originally marketed as a universal extraction tool in 1988 by Isco Inc. (Lincoln, Nebraska, USA), Lee Scientific (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) and Suprex Corp. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA). The basic components of the SFE instmment are a carbon dioxide reservoir, a pump, an extraction vessel, an oven, a restrictor... 

As we have already emphasized in this chapter, aroma profiles depend on the extraction method used. There is no universal extraction procedure in food flavor analysis, and different methods will influence aroma profiles. The new SAFE technique presented above represents an attractive approach in flavor research and a new tool for isolating and concentrating volatile components from solid or aqueous food materials. For that reason, the SAFE technique is expected to be widely applied in the future for highly efficient extraction of flavor components from various food samples. 

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