Organic extracts

Solvent Extraction. With solvent extraction, organics are separated from a waste by mixing the waste with a solvent capable of dissolving or extracting the organics. The extraction process can have multiple stages and be operated where the solvent and waste pass concurrently or countercurrenfly. 

Skelland and Tedder, Extraction—Organic Chemicals Processing in Rousseau, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, Wiley, 1987, pp. 405 66. 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) are excellent alternatives to traditional extraction methods, with both being used independently for clean-up and/or analyte concentration prior to chromatographic analysis. While SFE has been demonstrated to be an excellent method for extracting organic compounds from solid matrices such as soil and food (36, 37), SPE has been mainly used for diluted liquid samples such as water, biological fluids and samples obtained after-liquid-liquid extraction on solid matrices (38, 39). The coupling of these two techniques (SPE-SFE) turns out to be an interesting method for the quantitative transfer... 

In addition to performing reactions with inactivated tissues of plants, recent research has been performed using plant extracts to produce gold nanoparticles [22,56,57,67]. In these studies only the aqueous extractable organic/ biochemical compounds are used. The results have shown that the type of plant used in the extraction process influences the shape of nanoparticles produced. Chandran... 

Table 2 Recovery of Water Extractable Organic Acids Applied to a P-deficient West African Soil Taken from the Culture Vessels of Haketi imdulata ...

Applications The method is in use for the determination of water extractable organics in PA6 and PA4.6, and for alkane extraction of waxes from HDPE (in nitrogen atmosphere to prevent oxidation) [156]. Ethylene-bis-stearamide (EBA) can be extracted from ABS in 30 min using intermittent extraction in this case quantitative Soxhlet extraction was not possible. Nelissen [157] has used intermittent extraction with MTBE for the analysis of the flame retarder system of Tribit 1500 GN30. 

Another recently developed technique is headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) with PDMS stir bars [552]. HSSE-GC was compared with SHS and HS-SPME. SBSE and HSSE extract organic analytes from aqueous or vapour samples. In SBSE, the stir bar is inserted into the aqueous sample and extraction takes place during stirring whereas in HSSE the glass rod is suspended within the headspace volume and sampling takes place during headspace equilibration. New trends are the development of selective sorbents. 

Strachan WMJ. 1974. Chloroform-extractable organic compounds in the international great lakes. In Keith LH, ed. Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water. Ann Arbor, MI Ann Arbor Science, 479, 487-488. 

RORGS Recovery of organics Recovery of organics uses direct physical removal methods (e.g., distillation and steam stripping) to extract organic constituents from a waste... 

Said-Pullicino D, Erriquens FG, Gigliotti G (2006) Changes in the chemical characteristics of water-extractable organic matter during composting and their influence on compost stability and maturity. Bioresour Technol. doi 10.1016/j.biortech. 2006.06.018... 

SPME can be used to extract organic compounds from a solid matrix as long as target compounds can be released from the matrix into the headspace. For volatile compounds, the release of analytes into the headspace is relatively easy because analytes tend to vaporise once they are dissociated from their matrix. For semi-volatile compounds, the... 

Boyer JN, Groffman PM (1996) Bioavailability of water extractable organic carbon fractions in forest and agricultural soil profiles. Soil Biol Biochem 28 ... 

Chan KY, Heenan DP (1999) Microbial-induced soil aggregate stability under different crop rotations. Biol Fertil Soils 30 29-32 Chantigny MH (2003) Dissolved and water-extractable organic matter in soils a review on the influence of land use and management practices. Geoderma 113 357-380... 

Jensen LS, Mueller T, Magid J, Nielsen NE (1997) Temporal variation of C and N mineralization, microbial biomass and extractable organic pools in soil after oilseed rape straw incorporation in the field. Soil Biol Biochem 29 1043-1055... 

Leinweber P, Schulten HR, Korschens M (1995) Hot water extracted organic matter chemical composition and temporal variations in a long-term field experiment. Biol Fertil Soils 20 17-23... 

Mackey [854] studied the suitability of Amberlite XAD-1 resin for extracting organic complexes of copper, zinc, and iron from seawater. The results suggest... 

Pierce RH Jr, Felbeck GT Jr (1972) A comparison of three methods of extracting organic matter from soils and marine sediments. In Povoledo D, Golterman HL (eds) Humic Substances. Center for Agriculture Publication and Documentation, Wageningen, Netherlands, pp 217-232... 

Blaylock JW, Bean RM, Wildung RE (1974) Determination of extractable organic material and analysis of hydrocarbon types in lake and coastal sediments. Special publication no. 409. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, p 217... 

Table I. Extractable Organic Matter in Diesel Soot...

Owens, J.W., S.M. Swanson, and D.A. Birkholz. 1994. Bioaccumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/>-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran and extractable organic chlorine at a bleached-kraft mill site in a northern Canadian river system. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 343-354. 

Dualayer Distillate A process for extracting organic acids from petroleum fractions, using an aqueous solution of sodium cresylate. Developed by the Mobil Oil Company in the 1950s. 

Unisol A process for extracting organic sulfur and nitrogen compounds from petroleum fractions by solvent extraction with aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide containing... 

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