Proliferation Organ extracts

Serum-free medium A complete nutrient formulation capable of supporting sustained cellular proliferation or biological production without serum addition. May contain growth factors, serum fractions, tissue, or organ extracts. 

Screening assays were used to study the effects on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity of whole leachate and relative organic and hydrophilic extracts on cell model after 24-72 h of exposure. 

Spectroscopic techniques have received increased attention for the study of natural organic matter (NOM) over the past decades (Hatcher et al., 2001 Abbt-Braun et al., 2004). Such techniques allow the determination of molecular speciation in many cases without the need for extractions, derivatization, or hydrolysis. Spectroscopy is generally less selective in nature than for example chemical extraction techniques, even of chemically or thermally recalcitrant compounds (Frimmel et al., 2002 Haberstroh et al., 2006), though important restrictions for specific bonds apply for some spectroscopic techniques. Equally important are the potentials to investigate the spatial relationships between NOM and mineral phases, surface properties and alteration, and micro-scale heterogeneity within NOM. With improved capabilities and access to synchrotron facilities, worldwide efforts in applying an entire range of powerful spectroscopic tools have proliferated in all areas of science. 

Bonded-phase sorbents are stable to aqueous solvents over a pH range of 1 to 8.5, above which the silica backbone itself begins to dissolve and below which the Si C bond is attacked. Manufacturers have continued to extend these ranges through improved products, and researchers have stretched the limits of these restrictions. The development of bonded silica sorbents led to a proliferation of pharmaceutical and environmental applications for extracting semivolatile organics from aqueous solution. 

The water from the sampler is poured into glass bottles before extraction on board or in the laboratory. If the sample is not extracted immediately, a mineral (Hg2Cl2, H2SO4) or organic (CHCI3, CQ4) preservative may be added to prevent bacterial or algal proliferation. The bottles should be stored refrigerated in the dark. 

The proliferation of organic and namral personal care products in the market is making consumers scrutinize the ingredient composition and demand products with high levels of natural extracts as well as certified organic ingredients that are used ethically. Most people assume if a product is found in nature it is safe. This is not true. Many botanicals have intrinsic activity and their toxicity profiles and adverse reactions have been documented. Thus, an assessment is needed to ensure safety. 

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