Protein regulated pathways

PKA and PKC are, however, not the only kinases to regulate TRPVl. The Ca /calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) sensitizes TRPVl by phosphorylation [57, 58], as does phophatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) via its downstream target AKT [59]. This latter finding links TRPVl to the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) pathway. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src likewise potentiates capsaicin-induced currents [60]. 

Dl-iike receptors activate the Gs transduction pathway, stimulating the production of adenylyl cyclase, which increases the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and ultimately increases the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). PKA activates DARPP-32 (dopamine and cyclic adenosine 3, 5 -monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa) via phosphorylation, permitting phospho-DARPP-32 to then inhibit protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). The downstream effect of decreased PP-1 activity is an increase in the phosphorylation states of assorted downstream effector proteins regulating neurotransmitter... 

Steiner S et al. Proteomics to display lo-vastatin-induced protein and pathway regulation in rat liver. Electrophoresis 2000 21 2129-2137. 

Herbert, T. P., and Proud, C. G. (2006). Regulation of translation elongation and the cotranslational protein targeting pathway. In Translational Control in Biology and Medicine (M. B. Mathews, N. Sonenberg, andj. W. B. Hershey, eds.), pp. 601-624. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring, NY. 

Kuez, T. et al. Cytoskeletal regulation by the NeddS ubiquitin-like protein modification pathway. Science 2002, 295, 1294-8,... 

The tightly regulated pathway specifying aromatic amino acid biosynthesis within the plastid compartment implies maintenance of an amino acid pool to mediate regulation. Thus, we have concluded that loss to the cytoplasm of aromatic amino acids synthesized in the chloroplast compartment is unlikely (13). Yet a source of aromatic amino acids is needed in the cytosol to support protein synthesis. Furthermore, since the enzyme systems of the general phenylpropanoid pathway and its specialized branches of secondary metabolism are located in the cytosol (17), aromatic amino acids (especially L-phenylalanine) are also required in the cytosol as initial substrates for secondary metabolism. The simplest possibility would be that a second, complete pathway of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis exists in the cytosol. Ample precedent has been established for duplicate, major biochemical pathways (glycolysis and oxidative pentose phosphate cycle) of higher plants that are separated from one another in the plastid and cytosolic compartments (18). Evidence to support the hypothesis for a cytosolic pathway (1,13) and the various approaches underway to prove or disprove the dual-pathway hypothesis are summarized in this paper. 

Weissman JT, Ma JN, Essex A, Gao Y, Burstein ES (2004) G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated activation of rap GTPases characterization of a novel Galphai regulated pathway. Oncogene 23 241-249 Willard FS, Kimple RJ, Siderovski DP (2004) Return of the GDI the GoLoco motif in cell division. Annu Rev Biochem 73 925-951... 

Carrillo, J.J. Ibares, B. Esteban-Gamboa, A. Feliu, J.E. Involvement of both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the short-term regulation of pyruvate kinase L by insulin. Endocrinology, 142, 1057-1064 (2001)... 

Knall, C. Young, S. Nick, J.A. Buhl, A.M. Worthen, G.S. Johnson, G.L. Interleukin-8 regulation of the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in human neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 2832-2838 (1996)... 

In Chapter 11 the effects of binding of hormones to cell surface receptors have been emphasized. Equally important are the mechanisms that control the secretion of hormones. The topic of exocytosis has been considered briefly in Chapter 8, Section C,6 and aspects of the Golgi in Fig. 20-8 and associated text. Both hormones and neurotransmitters are secreted by exocytosis of vesicles. Cells have two pathways for secretion.386 387 The constitutive pathway is utilized for continuous secretion of membrane constituents, enzymes, growth factors, viral proteins, and components of the extracellular matrix. This pathway carries small vesicles that originate in the trans-Golgi network (TGN Fig. 20-8). The regulated pathway is utilized for secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters in response to chemical, electrical, or other stimuli. 

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