Protein kinase Regulation

Booher, R., and Beach, D. (1986). Site-specific mutagenesis of cdc2+, a cell cycle control gene of the fission yeast Schizosaccaromyces pombe. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 3523-3530. Booher, R. N., Alfa, C. E., Hyams, J. S., and Beach, D. H. (1989). The fission yeast cdc2/cdcl3/sucl protein kinase regulation of catalytic activity and nuclear localization. CeU 58 485-497. 

Gould, K. L., and Nurse, P. (1989). Tyrosine phosphorylation of the fission yeast cdc2+ protein kinase regulates entry into mitosis. Nature 342 39-45. 

Rossomando, A. J., Saanghcra, J. S., Marsden, L. A., Weber, M. J., Pelech, S. L., and Sturgill, T. W. (1991). Biochemical characterization of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases regulated by tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 266 20270-20275. 

The general role of cAMP formed by adenylyl cyclase (see Fig. 5.21) is to activate protein kinases. Protein kinases regulated by cAMP are also classified as protein kinase A (see 7.5). 

Ishino T, Orito Y, Chinzei Y, Yuda M (2006) A calcium-dependent protein kinase regulates Plasmodium ookinete access to the midgut epithelial cell. Mol Microbiol 59(4) 1175-1184... 

Rangarajan R, Bei AK, Jethwaney D et al (2005) A mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates male gametogenesis and transmission of the malaria parasite Plasmodium ber-ghei. EMBO Rep 6(5) 464 69... 

Walsh, D.A., Glass, D.B., and Mitchell, R.D. (1992). Substrate diversity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulation based on multiple binding interactions. Curr. Opinion in Cell Biol. 4, 241 251. 

Qiu M, Olsen A, Eaivre E, Horwitz KB, Lange CA. Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates nuclear association of human progesterone receptors. Mol. Endocrinol. 2003 17 628-642. 

The DAG released has several po.ssible fates. It can he converted to PI. as mentioned, or it can be hydrolyzed furtlicr to release the arachidonic acid component. DAG in conjunction with calcium inn stimulates protein kinase C. By pho<-phoryluting proteins, kinases regulate many cellular activities. The cycle is completed by the phu.sphorylaiion of DAO to phosphatidic acid, which in turn is converted to PI. The complete system remains to be fully understood. Cyclic pho-sphoinositol derivatives appear also to be. secondary me.sscn-gcis. 

Hopkins, T.A. Dyck, J.R.B. Lopaschuk, G.D. AMP-activated protein kinase regulation of fatty acid oxidation in the ischaemic heart. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 31, 207-212 (2003)... 

Yliastigui L, Kaur R, Johnson H, Volker J, He G, Hansen U, Margolis D. Mitogen-activated protein-kinases regulate LSF occupancy at the human immunodeficiency vims type 1 promote. J ViroL 2005 79 5952-62. 

Saito K, Ozawa Y, Hiblno K, Ohta Y. FilGAP, a Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase-regulated GTPase-activating protein for RAC, controls tumor cell migration. Mol Biol Cell. 2012 23 4739-50. 

Clemens MJ. PKR—A protein kinase regulated by double-stranded RNA. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997 29(7) 945-949. 

Figure 2.1 Protein kinase regulation and inhibition. Transfer of the -phosphate from ATP alters the activation state of substrate proteins (a). Protein kinases exist in active and inactive conformations. This dynamic...

Boehme, S. A., Sullivan, S. K., Crowe, P. D., Santos, M., Conlon, P. J., Sriramarao, P., and Bacon, K. B. (1999). Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates eotaxin-induced eosinophil migration. J. Immunol 163, 1611. 

Mizuno S, Kadowaki M, Demura Y, Ameshima S, Miyamori 1, Ishizaki T. p42/44 Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulated by p53 and nitric oxide in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 3l 2), 184-192,2004. 

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