External memory

A typical transputer architecture. The transputer (sometimes referred to as a computer on a chip) has four input/output links (0, 1, 2, 3) to other transputers, a channel for inputting/requesting data (event link), some built-in random-access memory, an interface to the main operating system (clock, boot, etc.), and an external memory interface. Internal communication is via a bus. 

Additionally, in the early stages of AD there may be value in the use of techniques to supplement residual capabilities these may just involve the use of external memory aids, such as notebooks, tape recorders or memory stickers, but they can be very useful. Similarly, the use of visual imagery and/or mnemonics may be effective to some degree in enhancing retention (Zanetti et al., 1995). 

There are two DSP-32s per processor module . The master (with external memory) is connected to the serial lines going to and from the crossbar switch. The slave is connected to external I/O devices such as A/D and D/A converters. It is... 

Analog Devices also has a 16 bit DSP (the ADSP-2100 series [Roesgen, 1986]) that has found some limited use in audio applications. The 2100 series has limited on chip memory and a limited number of pins (14) for the external memory. Use of a common bus for arithmetic results limits the amount of processor parallelism. However, unlike... 

The crossbar interconnect is under the control of the microprocessor. The DSPs are programmed remotely, via the microprocessor by the processor s serial port (see section 5.13). The processors all run lock-step and are sample synchronous. Note that only four processors have external memory (and only 64K). This severely limits the reverberation time but in fairness, this machine was not designed for effects processing. Also note that coefficient conversion from real time inputs must take place in the host processor and then be converted into serial form and placed in the specific DSP. 

ARM Thumb processor is an example of a commercial processor with code compression [Atm 99]. The Thumb instruction set is a subset drawn from the ARM instruction set. All Thumb instructions are 16-bit long. Upon execution, the 16-bit Thumb instructions are decompressed into their 32-bit ARM equivalents in real time. The transition to the Thumb instruction set reduces the code size typically by 30 percent [Fur 00]. An additional advantage is the power-efficient access to the external memory. A disadvantage of the Thumb instruction set is a certain decline in performance due to the increased number of instructions. 

The external memory access unit provides the interface between the AFP and the central, high-performance, random access memory store. Each external memory access unit can provide peak data I/O rates of 3.2 billion bits per second and sustained I/O rates of 800 million bits per second. Thus, the total sustained capability of an Advanced Flexible Processor from the two ring port I/O units and the two external memory access units is 3.2 billion bits per second. 

Centralized High Performance Memory. A multiprocessor system of AFPs may share a common, high-performance random access memory store (HPR) between processors. All system HPR requests sent from the external memory access units (XMAU) of the AFP s are managed by the Storage Access Controller (SAC). Multiple SAC s may be employed as memory requirements are expanded. Each SAC is capable of transferring data to and from the AFP array at a sustained rate of 6.4 billion bits per second. 

The Centre is situated at the University of Nijmegen and operates a VAX 11/785 computer with 16 Mb core and approximately 1.3 Gb external memory. Advanced colour display facilities are available at the Centre for use by all academic scientists. A large number of medium cost/medium performance graphics workstations are put up by the Centre at all Dutch academic chemical laboratories. 

C. Numerically controlled surveying robots - can receive instructions from the external memory or directly from a computer. The robot can decide between different programmes and can use them in a certain sequence. 

Thus, in addition to cheap large units for the production of electric grid power, DSSCs can find large in-door applications for powering different electronic equipments like calculators, external memory devices, and liquid crystal displays, and so... 

In most approaches to instruction fetch, the single chip processor is provided with a simple on-chip instruction cache. On a cache miss, a request is made to external memory for instructions and these off-chip requests compete with data references for access to external memory. 

The integrals (rs tu) not only must be calculated but also must be stored and then recalled from memory as their values are needed in each SCF iteration (recall the SCF example in Section 14.3). Typically, 5 to 50 iterations are needed to achieve SCF convergence. For the large basis sets used in modern ab initio calculations, the number of (rs tu) values to be stored for a large-molecule calculation may exceed the internal (core) memory capacity of the computer, and the (rs tu) values must be stored on external memory disk... 

The scalability of an SMP multicore architecture will be determined by the balance between the processor cores performance, memory performance and I/O performance. So for example, if a processor provides cores with fast instruction execution, but has limited on-chip instruction and data cache, and relatively limited bandwidth I/O to external memory, then this will be deemed to be I/O bound, and will limit the usable hardware performance of the system. 

The identification of mass spectra may to some extent be undertaken by a computer as it is possible to have libraries of authentic mass spectra stored in external memories. Data from mass spectra achieved by high-resolution mass spectrometers may also be handled by a computer, which will calculate the elementary composition, the fault in the determination, etc., by comparison with a mass table stored in a memory. 

Keywords vibrotactile, external memory aid, overview, visual impairment, high-density sonification. 

EMA-Tactons Vibrotactile External Memory Aids in an Auditory Display... 

This paper infroduces EMA-Tactons, vibrotactile external memory aids (EMA s) that are combined with interactive sonification techniques for the exploration of data. EMA s are used to mark interesting areas in a data set where the user may want to go back to. By explicitly marking them, the user s working memory can be freed, preventing saturation of this kind of memory before an exploratory task is completed. An iterative design process is described in detail for the illustrative case of TableVis. 

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