And visual imagery

Useful protocols can only be produced for information that is coded in a verbal form in memory. Tasks that rely on visual imagery for their execution, or have become "automated" due to over-practice wiU be very difficult to verbalize. Hence the technique may provide little useful information and may even produce misleading reports for these tasks. To encourage task verbalization some coaching should be given to the task experts and the goals of the study should be explained so that they can make greater efforts to report on aspects of the task which are of particular importance. 

This manuscript was first discussed by Carbonelli, but he did not provide a detailed analysis of its style and contents and it has received little attention since.The text is composed of aphorisms of famous alchemists who include Hermes Trismegistus, Aristode, Geber, Amald of Villanova, Senior and characters from the Turba Phibsophorum, such as Rasis. They give instructions about the secrets of the process and the text is supported by visual imagery, arranged in a narrative... 

Additionally, in the early stages of AD there may be value in the use of techniques to supplement residual capabilities these may just involve the use of external memory aids, such as notebooks, tape recorders or memory stickers, but they can be very useful. Similarly, the use of visual imagery and/or mnemonics may be effective to some degree in enhancing retention (Zanetti et al., 1995). 

After rejection of alchemical and geometrical symbols in favor of the linear symbolic formulas of the early nineteenth century, chemical formulas had become full of visual imagery by the late nineteenth century. This imagery was of a graphic and peculiarly cartoonlike nature, more nearly like so-called primitive art than like realist or photographic art by way of stressing or exaggerating special aspects of functionality in the chemical species. 84... 

Practitioners of quantum chemistry employed both the visual imagery of nineteenth-century theoretical chemists like Kekule and Crum Brown and the abstract symbolism of twentieth-century mathematical physicists like Dirac and Schrodinger. Pauling s Nature of the Chemical Bond abounded in pictures of hexagons, tetrahedrons, spheres, and dumbbells. Mulliken s 1948 memoir on the theory of molecular orbitals included a list of 120 entries for symbols and words having exact definitions and usages in the new mathematical language of quantum chemistry. 

Lewis thought he saw horses outside and decided that he and Carter could scatter, get on the horses and ride away. He stayed in his room for long periods planning this escape. Visual imagery varied in tone, causing him to be either pleased or disturbed. Mostly he gave only vague descriptions of its content, other than a beach where he felt all alone. 

Odors are not easily forgotten. The recognition of an odor depends on the original coding activity. When trying to recall an odor, life episodes related to that odor and the ability to label and define the odor enhance odor memory. Visual imagery, by comparison, did not enhance odor memory (Lyman and McDaniel, 1986). 

The fact that the visual imagery of my dream is synthetic and bizarre could itself be isomorphic to the autoactivation of the visual brain—to the near simultaneous activation of visual networks encoding general barn features, features of my particular barn, and the local architectural elements, cement and stone, that I was playing with on my walk last night. 

Hallucinations are quite common and often consist of vivid and sharply detailed visual imagery in both dreams and seizure states. 

Humans who hit the wall of alcohol withdrawal show the more complex picture of toxic-delirium, consisting of visual hallucinations (often with stereotyped insect and animal imagery like the bugs and pink elephants of barfly lore), disorientation and confusion, confabulation, and memory loss as their seizure propensity increases. 

This base, MAL, lies as a hybrid of two other compounds, AL and CPM. It is an olefin (as is AL) which means that it has a place of unsaturation in its structure. And it is an isostere of CPM which means that the carbon atoms are all in the same location, but just the connecting electrons (called the chemical bonds) are in different places. Actually there is yet a third compound in this same picture, called PROPYNYL. And yet, although all of them have extremely close structural similarities, there are such great differences in action that one does not dare to generalize. CPM leads largely to fantasy, MAL largely to visual imagery, AL is twice as potent as either of these but it doesn t show either effect, and PROPYNYL is almost without any action at all. 

Only 40 per cent of Masters and Houston s subjects reached the third, or symbolic, level. At this level, visual imagery generally involves history and legend, or the subject may recapitulate the evolutionary process, developing from... 

Another reason for reduced verbalization during psychedelic sessions may be the presence of visual imagery. When an individual becomes involved in "the retinal circus," he often loses interest in speaking. Finally, relaxation and lethargy often mark a subject s first experiences with the psychedelics. In these instances, the speech muscles would be inoperative, and verbalization would be reduced still further. 

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