Liquid proplnts

Belgrano also mentions liquid proplnt mixtures of hydrogen with light substances such as boranes of lithium or beryllium... 

Scope. This document covers the requirements and tests for Liquid Proplnt of above compn... 

Liquid proplnts were also used for driving V-l, described in Ref 3, p Ger 213-L with Fig on p Ger 214... 

Two kinds of proplnts are used in rockets solid and liquid. Solid rocket proplnts can be either colloidal double-base or composite proplnts, while liquid proplnts can be either mono-or bipropellants... 

Discussion on burning rates of rocket double-base proplnts and the possible effects of changes in NG and total volatile content on the burning of jet propulsion tube proplnts) 2)A. Strasser, PATR 1235(1943)(Burning rates detd by closed bomb tests of 3/8 x 1/16" stick double-base proplnts of various compns) 3)A.Strasser, PATR 1474(1944XBuming characteristics of 3/8 stick rocket proplnts) 4)H.S.Seifert et al, AmJourPhysics 15, 122(1947)(Liquid proplnts) 5)G.J. Mueller,... 

In rockets, the chamber pressure is the pressure developed as a result of burning of solid or liquid proplnts in the combustion chamber. It is usually measured thru the injector face or near the injector end of the thrust chamber by providing a small passage for the gas to press against some external measuring device(Ref 5)... 

Liquid Proplnt Info Agency, "Liquid Propellant Safety Manual , Silver Spring, Md (1958)... 

The burning rates of standard aluminized hydrocarbon binder composite proplnts may be increased significantly not only with ferrocene derivatives but also with compatible carborane-type burning rate additives. However, most ferrocene derivatives are volatile solids or liquids which have a tendency to evaporate from the proplnt during storage, thereby degrading ballistic performance. Rudy (Ref 71) minimized this problem by the use of polynuclear ferrocene... 

Hybrid Rocket Propellants. A special proplnt combination of unlike materials, particularly of unlike physical characteristics. Typical hybrid proplnt combinations are a solid fuel (or oxidizer) in combination with a liquid oxidizer (or fuel) in tjiat order. Sometimes a grain of solid fuel is encased in the combustion chamber of a rocket engine and burned in combination with liq oxygen. Similarly, a liq fuel may be injected into a combustion chamber in contact with a solid oxidizer. Another example is the use of concentrated hydrogen peroxide and a hydrocarbon fuel. In this case, the hydrogen peroxide is converted by decompn into a hot gas contg oxygen. The fuel is injected downstream of the first reaction, mixed with the hot oxidizer-rich gas, and burns (Ref 1)... 

An apparatus for mixing solid ingredients in the presence of liquids. Several types were used in Ger for mixing proplnts expls, such as the Columnar type (Saulenknetmaschine) (Ref 2, pp 105—06 Ref 3, p 237) Wemer-Pfleiderer Misch-und Knetmashine (Ref 1, p 75 Ref 3, p 227 Ref 4, pp 585—87), and others. In France, Chaudel-Page kneaders are in general use (Ref 4, pp 588—9)... 

In recent years, many Fluoro derivatives have been studied as potential high energy constituents of proplnts. Many of these compounds are liquids and some are highly explosive. The Bis(2-Fluoro-2,2-Dinitroethyl) Formal, FEFO has been studied by the military and the AEC (Ref 30). Some theoretical studies of Bis-Difluoramino Alkanes have been reported (Refs 26 26e)... 

Sensitivity and Hazards ofLP. Some mono-proplnts and some well-mixed biproplnts exhibit detonation characteristics typical of Liquid Explosives (See Sects 4 5 of article on Liquid Explosives in this Vol). However, biproplnts usually do not sustain complete detonation, ie, a rather small portion of the biproplnt undergoes something akin to detonation and the remainder deflagrates (Ref 26). Of course even this partial detonation can be very dangerous and destructive. LP are also subject to another phenomenon which is potentially destructive (at least to the rocket), namely combustion instability (Refs 16 22)... 

Explosion Process, The Hypothetical Rate in the. A discussion of the hypothesis that a type of radiation plays a predominant role in the mechanism of die process of detonation of expl solids and liquids and in the burning of proplnts... 

Their principal parent compound is Hydrofluoric (or Phthoric) Acid Gas. (Hydrogen Fluoride), HF, mw 20.01 colorless, very poisonous gas, density 0.713(Air l,0), sp gr of liquid 0.988 at +13.6°, fr p -83°, bp +19-4° sol in w or ale. Can be prepd by distilling from a mixture of Ca fluoride (fluorspar) and sulfuric acid. Used as an additive in liquid rocket proplnts and in refining of uranium. Also as fluorinating agent in org and inorg reaction prepn of A1 fluoride, other fluorides, fluoro-borates, fluomcarbonaces, fluorocarbons and fluorosili cates... 

Bipropellant. A rocket proplnt consisting of two unmixed chemicals(usually liquid) fed into the combustion chamber separately. One of the chemicals is a fuel(such as alcohol, aniline, hydrazine, etc), while the other is an oxidizeif such as liq O, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide or nitrogen tetr-oxide). The energy released on combustion of fuel operates a propulsive rocket unit Refs l)warren( 1958), 13-14 2)Rocket Encycl (1959), 43-4... 

Booster Rocket. Any high-thrust unit or assembly that fires at take-off to get a missile(such as a rocket,bomb,shell) or an unmanned or manned aircraft, to which it is attached, started along its trajectory. Usually, a booster rocket produces a much greater thrust than the 2nd stage or sustained power plant of a rocket. Booster rockets are usually propelled by a solid propellant(such as in the Nike -Ajax missile) but liq proplnts are also used. The booster rocket should not be confused with ATO, JATO or RATO engines although there is a considerable similarity in design. A liquid-propelled booster rocket is used when the requirements are more extensive than normally available from solid-pro-... 

The liquid rocket proplnts are introduced into the combustion chamber of a rocket through an injector in the form of droplets. The droplets then vaporize at their surface and the vapors start to burn. The mechanism of burning differs, however, depending upon whether the propint is a monopropellant or bipropellant, and, if a bipropellant, whether it is hypergolic or nonbypergolic... 

Method for detg burning rates of liquid rocket proplnts) 17)M.Summerfield, JetPropn (JARS) 21, 108-14(1951), "A Theory of Unstable Combustion in Liquid Propellant Rocket Systems ... 

In regard to liquid rocket proplnts, the earliest theory of unstable burning was that of Summerfield(Ref 4). This was followed by theories of Crocco(Ref 5), Crocco Cheng(Ref 6) and Ross Datner(Ref 8Xsee also Ref l4,p 105)... 

Burst Diqphragm or Burst Disc(Blowout Diaphragm or Rupture Disc). A flat circular sheet of frangible material (plastic or metal) installed across the pipe suppling liquid propellant to the thrust chamber of a rocket. The purpose of the disc is to prevent flow of liquid until proplnt pressure builds to a preselected value. The disc then shears open and the proplnt is released to flow... 

Calorimetric Value is defined by Comer(Ref 3) as the value which is obtained by measuring the heat evolved when a propellant is burned in a bomb calorimeter contg an insert atmosphere. The temps are near 300° K. This value can also be calcd as shown in Ref 3,pp 127--8 Calorimetric Potential, Apparant (Potentiel calorimetrique, apparent in Fr). Tavernier (Ref 4,p 234) defines it as the quantity of heat evolved on the decompn of a proplnt, provided it does not do any exterior work (which means under const vol) and if the gases evolved in reaction are cooled (which means that the water is liquid). This value is, accdg to Tavernier, identical with the English value called "Calorific Value . A similar value was called by DePauw (Ref 1) "die Characteristik einer Substanz ... 

As grains of cannon proplnts are rather large, it is difficult to remove from them completely(by drying) the volatile liquids(such as solvents and water) used in their manuf. This means that these proplnts contain appreciable amts of "residual volatiles" and this must be taken into consideration when considering the ballistic props and burning rates of such proplnts (Ref 9,p 225)... 

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