Constant system

For example, the expansion of a gas requires the release of a pm holding a piston in place or the opening of a stopcock, while a chemical reaction can be initiated by mixing the reactants or by adding a catalyst. One often finds statements that at equilibrium in an isolated system (constant U, V, n), the entropy is maximized . Wliat does this mean ... 

FIG. 26-42 Influence of the activation overpressure and suppressant upon the effectiveness of a suppression system (constant test condition). 

The simplest method that keeps the temperature of a system constant during an MD simulation is to rescale the velocities at each time step by a factor of (To/T) -, where T is the current instantaneous temperature [defined in Eq. (24)] and Tq is the desired temperamre. This method is commonly used in the equilibration phase of many MD simulations and has also been suggested as a means of performing constant temperature molecular dynamics [22]. A further refinement of the velocity-rescaling approach was proposed by Berendsen et al. [24], who used velocity rescaling to couple the system to a heat bath at a temperature Tq. Since heat coupling has a characteristic relaxation time, each velocity V is scaled by a factor X, defined as... 

To provide a constant, controlled supply of fresh air to maintain proper indoor air quality and prevent moisture damage, there are three basic ventilation strategies constant supply, constant exhaust, and balanced systems. Constant supply systems provide a continuous flow of fresh air to living areas and force stale air out through air leaks and kitchen and bathroom Ian vents. Constant exhaust systems continuously remove stale air while allowing fresh air to... 

Underwood Algebraic Method Split Key Systems Constant Volatilily [72]... 

Scheibel-Montross Empirical Adjacent Key Systems Constant or Variable VolatUity [61]... 

The choice of scale-up technique depends on the particular system. As a general guide, constant tip speed is used where suspended solids are involved, where heat is transferred to a coil or jacket, and for miscible liquids. Constant power per unit volume is used with immiscible liquids, emulsions, pastes and gas-liquid systems. Constant tip speed seems more appropriate in this case, and hence the rotor speed should be 0.66 Hz. The... 

Thus it is possible for continuous stirred-tank reactor systems to be stable, or unstable, and also to form continuous oscillations in output, depending upon the system, constant and parameter, values. 

Vary the relative system parameters VT, VD and VM for the two differing flow cases, keeping the total volume of the system constant. Compare the resulting residence time distributions. 

Keeping the total volume of the system constant, vary the relative flowrates, FO, FB and FR and note the influence on the RTD s. 

This shows that for given Q and A, the plot of AP versus / should be straight and the system constants C and C2 can be determined from the slope 2 C Q/A)2 and intercept C2 Q/A). 

It is evident that the filter performance is governed by the system constants C and C2 regardless of whether the operation is at constant pressure or constant flow rate and that these constants can be evaluated from laboratory data taken under either type of operation and used to analyze the performance of the plant filter for either type of operation. 

In many biphasic systems, constant stirring creates a fine emulsion, where droplets of one solvent become suspended in the other. In this emulsion the surface area between the two phases is increased, providing a bigger surface for either the catalytic reaction to occur or the reactants to diffuse across to react in the bulk solvent. 

The relatively large, two-story JACADS complex included myriad electrical, mechanical, automated, and robotic equipment (including many monitoring devices) used to destroy or dispose of multiple types of agents and all their varied kinds of containers and weapons systems. Constant attention had to be paid to safety while meeting production goals. 

Comparison with Eq. (28) shows that for a given chromatographic system (constant h. v, k, D ) is proportional to (20). C( bination of... 

Before we can find the form of the concentration term in a rate expression, we must distinguish between different types of reactions. This distinction is based on the form and number of kinetic equations used to describe the progress of reaction. Also, since we are concerned with the concentration-dependent term of the rate equation, we hold the temperature of the system constant. 

INFICON has developed a new technology for overcoming these constraints on the active oscillator. The new system constantly analyzes Ihe response of the crystal fo an applied frequency not only fo determine the (series) resonance frequency, but also fo ensure that the quartz oscillates in the desired mode. The new system is insensitive te mode hopping and the resultant inaccuracy. It is fast and precise. The crystal frequency is determined 10 times a second w/ith an accuracy to less than 0.0005 Hz. 

Melt- ing Point System Constants From Solvation Viscosity Surface Tension (dyne/ Thermal ... 

Fig. 3.19 Mass separated energy distributions of pulsed-laser field desorbed 4He+ and ions obtained with the Penn State pulsed-laser ToF atom-probe when the flight path length was 778 cm. Their onset flight times are separated by 34 ns, exactly that calculated from the system constants and their critical ion energy deficits at 5.5 kV.

In a preliminary pulsed-laser atom-probe measurement,158 the critical ion energy deficits of Rh and W atoms, field evaporated from kink sites, are measured at a rate of 1010 layers per second at a temperature around 100 K. Using the system constants, i.e. the flight path constant and the... 

Let us now consider a shallow water body that is exposed to noon sunlight. If we keep everything in the system constant, we will reach a steady state in which... 

The mobile phase is an important component of overall gas chromatographic system. Constant and reproducible flow conditions should be maintained at all times. To achieve this the mobile phase must have the proper auxiliary components. 

If all Cu atoms occupy (0,0,0) sites,/Cu = 1, consequently r - 1, and we have the completely ordered / brass. The symmetry is broken when /Cu = 1/2 or t = 0, and thus P and f become indistinguishable. Other (normalized) order parameters are in use lattice dimension, density, magnetization, polarization, or some function that describes the orientation of the molecular axes. Since the order parameter is a normalized extensive function (or a specific function, as for example, the mole fraction) and we are dealing with either an open or a closed system (/>., constant chemical potential or constant number of particles), r can be a non-conserved or a conserved quantity. 

Syringe (5 mL) with 0.8 /a filter system Constant-temperature water bath, 60°C... 

---