Exposure from consumer products

Supeifund Amendments and Reauthoiization Act, SARA requires that the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ATSDR develops jointly with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ERA, a list of hazardous substances most conrmonly fouird at facilities, prepare toxicological profiles for each substance included on the priority list of 

MRLs are based on noncancer health effects only. Oral MRLs are expressed as daily human doses in units of milligrams per kilogram per day (mg kg day ). ATSDR uses the no-observable-adverse-effect-level/uncertainty factor, NOAEL/UF, approach to derive MRLs for hazardous substances. They are set below levels that, based on current information, might cause adverse health effects in the people most sensitive to such substance-induced effects. MRLs are derived for acute (1-14 days), intermediate ( 14-364 days), and chronic (365 days and longer) exposure durations.  

Individual exposure depends on a cumulative action from various sources such as worlqtlace exposure, amounts of substance contained in water, air, indoor euviromneiit (as a consequence of use of various products by constmction and maintenance), food products, food packaging, household products, and cosmetics. The total exposure should not exceed the above values. 

A recent publication gives data on the contents of plasticizers in cosmetics such as deodorants, perfumes, hair mousses, hair gels, and hair sprays manufactured by leading European producers. The following phthalates were found in European cosmetics butyl benzyl, di-n-butyl, di-(2-ethylhexyl), diethyl, dimethyl, and di-n-octyl phthalate. Diethyl phthalate is the most frequently used. The following ranges of concentrations of diethyl phthalate were determined in various groups of products deodorants 40 to 1,600 mg g 

In order to reach a Minimal Risk Level for diethyl phthalate from Table 19.6, a 60 kg person needs to use only 20 g of some of these products. If one compares these very high concentrations of plasticizers with relatively low limits for air contaminants (Table 19.5) it becomes pertinent that sometimes workers are better protected from toxic chemicals than are the users of cosmetic products (frequently very expensive designer cosmetics). The 

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Radiation Exposure From Consumer Products and Miscella-... 

Radiation Exposure from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources (1977). [Superseded by NCRP Report No. 95]... 

The European Commission s Joint Research Centre (on behalf of DG S ANCO) has started a project known as European Information System on Risks from Chemicals Released from Consumer Products/Articles (EIS-ChemRisks) (EU 2004), which is designed as a network to collect exposure data, exposure factors, exposure models, and health-related data. The overall objective is to develop tools and reference data to enable harmonized exposure assessment procedures in the EU. A toolbox has been designed to collect exposure information from four reference systems to systematically support exposure assessors in the EU ... 

EU. 2004. European information system on risks from chemicals released from consumer products/aiticles. Consumer exposure modelling task force. Bmssels, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, http // www.jrc.cec.eu.int/eis-chemrisks/... 

An example of an exposure model to predict distribution in environmental media and estimation of the proportion of total exposure by various routes from consumer products is the BUSES (Section 7.2.4.3). It is important to recognize that the proportions of total intake from various media may vary, based on circumstances. 

NCRP (1987c). National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Radiation Exposure of the U.S. Population from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources, NCRP Report No. 95 (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland). 

Production, Import/Export, Use, and Disposal. No data on the production volume for 2-nitrophenol in the United States were available in the literature. The availability of this data is important because the risk of human exposure to a chemical is often related to its production volume. The import/export data for these chemicals are known (CMR 1987 EPA 1985). The data on usage (CMR 1987 HSDB 1989) indicates that the potential for general population exposure to nitrophenols from consumer products or the environment is low. More detailed site- and medium-specific (e.g., air, water, or soil) release data than given in Table 5-1 are necessary to assess the potential for exposure to these compounds from different sources. 

Effects of environmental chemical agents on human health perhaps represent the bulk of environmental health research. People may be exposed to harmful chemicals in the outdoor air, surface water (lakes, rivers, oceans, etc.), soil, indoor air, at the workplace, in food, or from consumer products. Exposures to chemicals (or other agents) in the workplace are called occupational exposures . Food exposure to chemical or biological agents may occur as a result of agricultural applications, environmental pollution, or are formed when foods are... 

Analysis of the etiology of the physical injuries from consumer products includes three components determination of the at-risk population (exposure to hazard), mechanism of injury (consequences of hazard), and characteristics of products (mitigation of hazard). 

EXPOSURE ROUTES manufacture, distribution, and PVC blending operations release from consumer products is expected to be minimal found in some drinking waters workers contact on skin... 

Radiation is present everywhere. Humans are exposed to sources of ionizing radiation from the earth, from interstellar space, from medical diagnostic procedures, from man-made radiation from power plants or fallout from nuclear-bomb testing, or even from consumer products. This exposure can be classified into the following four categories naturally occurring radiation, radiation from products of technology, radiation from consumer prod-... 

NCRP. Radiation Exposure of the U.S. Population from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources. Bethesda, MD NCRP, 1987. 

Air contaminants are emitted to the indoor air from a wide variety of activities and consumer products, some of which are summarized in Table 11. Most indoor activities produce some types of pollutants. When using volatile products or engaging in the activities Hsted, care should be exercised to minimize exposure through proper use of the product and by providing adequate ventilation. 

Workplace exposure limits for benzene have been regulated to levels as low as 0.5 ppm (43). Industrial emissions affecting the pubHc ate now low enough that the EPA considers that a greater hazard exists from mosdy indoor sources such as smoking, automobile exhausts, and consumer products (44). 

Calcium carbonate is one of the most common filler/extenders used in the paint and coatings industry. Consumer and contractor paint formulas can include products from submicrometer size to coarse mesh sizes. The main function of calcium carbonate in paint is as a low cost extender. It is also used to improve brightness, appHcation properties, stabiHty, and exposure resistance. Coarse products help to lower gloss and sheen or even provide textured finishes. The selection of product type and particle size is deterrnined by the desired performance and cost of the coating. 

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