Consumer Exposure models

CEM TF. 2004. Consumer Exposure Modelling Tools. Ispra, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Physical and Chemical Exposure Unit, Exposure Modelling Sector, http //cem.jrc.it/cemdb/qstart.php... 

EU. 2004. European information system on risks from chemicals released from consumer products/aiticles. Consumer exposure modelling task force. Bmssels, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, http // www.jrc.cec.eu.int/eis-chemrisks/... 

GExFRAME. A generic consumer exposure modeling system intended to harmonize source models, fate and transport models, and exposure/risk models, GExFrame is being developed to accommodate various algorithms including those that reside in CONSEXPO, E-FAST, CARES, and similar models. 

The fact that the application of exposure models for the evaluation of sources of phthalate exposures yielded variable results means that the extent of exposure via different pathways depends on the individual phthalate, the geographic area, the age, and the lifestyle of the consumers [121]. 

The European Commission s Joint Research Centre (on behalf of DG S ANCO) has started a project known as European Information System on Risks from Chemicals Released from Consumer Products/Articles (EIS-ChemRisks) (EU 2004), which is designed as a network to collect exposure data, exposure factors, exposure models, and health-related data. The overall objective is to develop tools and reference data to enable harmonized exposure assessment procedures in the EU. A toolbox has been designed to collect exposure information from four reference systems to systematically support exposure assessors in the EU ... 

An example of an exposure model to predict distribution in environmental media and estimation of the proportion of total exposure by various routes from consumer products is the BUSES (Section 7.2.4.3). It is important to recognize that the proportions of total intake from various media may vary, based on circumstances. 

Many models are available for calculating exposure, but the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) is the most commonly used in the EU. Variations in human populations across Member States are considered in terms of body weight, diet, and activities [133]. Consideration is also given to susceptible individuals such as children and the elderly [133]. More specific models are used in conjunction with EUSES to assess occupational dermal exposure (DERMAL), occupational inhalation (EASE) and consumer exposure (CONSEXPO) (see [134]). 

The CONSEXPO model for predicting consumer exposure is limited by a lack of data on chemicals in products [138]. 

The SCIES model has been upgraded. The new version is called the Consumer Exposure Module (CEM). Some of the default values have been changed. Additionally, the emission term for paints has been revised, and is presented in the Wall Paint Exposure Model (WPEM). Information on CEM and WPEM can be obtained from the Exposure Assessment Branch of the USEPA. 

CASTLE L., HART A., HOLMES M.J., OLDRiNG P.K.T., (2006), An approach to stochastic modelling of consumer exposure for any substance from canned foods using simulant migration data. Food Additives and Contaminants, in press. 

High-low dose extrapolation. The model seems to predict well for animals at low and middle doses that do not cause hemolysis for oral (drinking water) and inhalation exposure (Medinsky et al. 1990 Sabourin et al. 1992a). The model was not designed to adjust for toxicity in the kidney and liver that may have been secondary to the hemolytic effects of 2-butoxyethanol. Low dose extrapolation, modeling doses similar to those at which most consumer exposure occurs, was not conducted. 

In a more general context, modeling the contamination can be coupled with consumer data and/or household and industrial practices to assess chronic consumer exposure to one or several substances (Figure 13.7(c)) [VIT 11a, VIT 07c]. 

The exposure models can be categorised in terms of the types of exposure sources, such as (i) environmental, (ii) dietary, (iii) consumer product, (iv) occupational, (v) aggregate and (vi) cumulative. Aggregate exposure models consider multiple exposure pathways, while cumulative models consider multiple chemicals. Fryer et al. [ 18] review different current approaches and assess its policy implications. The use of models is necessary for preliminary pubhc health assessment, and most countries do have monitoring programs. 

Dehnaar, J.E., Park, M.V.D.Z., and van Engelen, J.G.M. 2005. ConsExpo 4.0 Consumer Exposure and Uptake Models Program Manual. RIVM report 320104004/2005. Available at http //www.rivm.nl/dsresource objectid=rivm p 13097 type=oi disp)osition=inline ns nc=l (accessed November 29,2013). 

BEAT is only intended for predicted occupational exposure and not consumer exposure. Predictive consumer exposure can be determined using the CONSEXPO model developed by RIVM in the Netherlands and incorporated into EUSES (the European Uniform System for Evaluating Substances). In the USA residential SOPs have been developed for consumer use of antimicrobials and pesticides in the house. These models include ... 

More comprehensive health effect studies of chemicals used in consumer products and food processing and packaging, especially chemicals being introduced as substitutes for phthalates. Systematic assessments of potential health effects of this farmly of compounds and better exposure models are needed as a basis for reformulation and regulation. 

Franz R, Mauer A, Welle F (2004) European survey on post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) materials to determine contamination levels and maximum consumer exposure from food packages made from recycled PET. Food Addit Contam 21(3) 265-286 Franz R, Welle F (2008) Migration measurement and modelling from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) into soft drinks and fruit juices in comparison with food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 25(8) 1033-1046 Guazzotti V, Marti A, Piergiovanni L et al (2014) Bio-based coatings as potential barriers to chemical contaminants from recycled paper and board for food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. doi 10.1080/19440049.19442013. 19869360... 

These data have been used to model worst-case exposure for an adult consumer and for a child. Details of the methods and assumptions can be found in the source document (EC, 2003). Table 19 gives the... 

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