Explosions analysis

Parts of the tank were projected to distances up to 360 m (1200 ft). Twenty-two pieces of the tank were recovered, constituting approximately 80% of the original tank. Debris was found clustered in two separate areas, namely, within the radii of 5° to 20° and 65° to 95° from the car s direction of movement. Three empty tank cars located up to a distance of three railroad tracks from the exploded car were blown from the rails. The undercarriage of the car was bent into a V-shape (see Figure 2.1). One person was killed in the explosion. Analysis of a recovered piece of the tank car showed that failure was due to brittle fracture. 

Dust Explosions Analysis and Control, Factory Insurance Association, Hartford, Conn., 1969. 

Baker, Q., et al. "Vapor Cloud Explosion Analysis." Loss Prevention Symposium. 1994. 

Key words Explosives analysis, field test kit, propellant stabilizer analysis, thin-layer chromatography, defense clean-up, environmental field test kit... 

Color reactions have been extensively used in the field of explosives analysis [1-3]. Their application is easy and the equipment required is simple and inexpensive. Their sensitivities are often in the sub-microgram range. They enable rapid, on-site diagnostic detection of explosive materials, and are also used for preliminary laboratory tests of materials suspected of being explosive. Moreover, these tests can help in diagnosing impurities and degradation products of explosives. 

D. Muller S. Abramovich-Bar, R. Shelef D. Sonenfeld A. Levy S. Kimchi and T. Tamiri Improved methods in the post-explosion analysis of TATP. In Proc. 7th Int. Symp. on Analysis and Detection ofExplosives, Qinetiq, Sevenoaks, Edinburgh, U.K., 2001, p. 321. 

T. Tamiri S. Ahramovich-Bar, D. Sonenfeld S. Tsaroom A. Levy D. Muller and S. Zitrin The post explosion analysis of triacetone triperoxide. In Proc. 6th Int. Symp. on Analysis and Detection ofExplosives, Prague, Czech Republic, 1998. Paper No. 8. 

S. Caldera, D. Gardebas, F. Martinez and S. Khong, Organic explosives analysis using on column-ion trap EI/NICI GC-MS with an external source , J. Forensic Sci., 49 No. 5 (2004) 1005-1008. 

Thompkins, B. A. Explosives analysis in the environment, in R. A. Meyers, Ed. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. Wiley, Chichester, 2000, pp. 2402-2441. 

WFLETC). From February 2002 to the present time, he has helped develop explosive analysis programs and train personnel for the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Tucson Police Department, and the Texas Department of Public Safety. He also has provided forensic analysis in various areas for both private companies and corporations, and law enforcement agencies. 

Et4N)[NbCl5N3] NbCl5 + Et4NN3 non-explosive analysis only 4... 

The purity of the gas is tested by explosion analysis (J. C. S., 84, 555) the ratio, contraction on explosion to absorption by baryta water after explosion, should lie between 0-73 and 0-77 (theoretical 0,75). Great care must be taken that this preparation is carried out in the absence of flame, and that neither the apparatus nor the collected gas is exposed to direct sunlight, which decomposes acetylene. Also the cupric chloride solution employed for washing should be kept acid if it becomes alkaline the explosive copper aeetylide is precipitated. Should this occur the solution is mixed with much water and poured away. 

This chapter demonstrated that microchip electrophoresis reached maturity and is appropriate for analysis of nitrated explosives. However, to create easy-to-operate field portable instruments for pre-blast explosive analysis would require incorporation of world-to-chip interface, which would be able to continuously sample from the environment. Significant progress towards this goal was made and integrated on-chip devices which allow microfluidic chips to sample from virtually any liquid reservoir were demonstrated [25,31]. 

Table 2. Applications of gas chromatography-thermal energy analyser (GC-TEA) to explosive analysis...

Raman spectroscopy in the 1960s. The implementation of FT spectrometers and lasers with output wavelengths that minimized sample fluorescence increased the utility of the technique and fostered application to explosive analysis. 

The same MEKC system was also used for the separation of a test mixture of 15 compounds of interest in high explosive analysis, including nitroguanidine, ethylene glycol dinitrate, diethylene glycol dinitrate, l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), nitroglycerin, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), penta-erythritol tetranitrate, and picric acid, with excellent resolution except for the overlapping of 1,5- and 1,8-isomers of dinitronaphthalene. Also, separation of all the components (26) of the two sets of standards was attempted with extremely limited coelutions. 

Immediately after obtaining his doctorate in chemistry in 1960, Dr. Fred Volk joined the ICT, which had then just been built in Pfinztal, where he worked closely with Dr. Karl Meyer. The main focus of his research within the area of explosive analysis was on the use of thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry as well as on calculating thermodynamic energies used in explosive and combustion processes. The many key words and the related articles in Explosives dealing with theoretical and thermodynamic performances were painstakingly checked, or written by Dr. F. Volk himself, each time before a new edition was printed. 

In forensic science, chromatography is used in the analysis of drugs of abuse, toxicology, fire debris analysis, environmental analysis, and explosives analysis, to name but a few. To understand each of the chromatographic techniques, especially HPLC as the topic of this primer, it is necessary first to explain what chromatography is and the basic principles of chromatography. 

Forensic science encompasses a number of different fields of science. In this book, we are explaining the theories associated with high performance liquid chromatography, the different forms that it may take, and its use in some forensic applications. In this chapter, we will examine applications of HPLC in drug analysis, toxicology, analysis of explosives, analysis of coloured materials, and environmental science. 

Harvey, S.D. Ewing, R.G. Waltman, M.J., Selective sampling with direct ion mobihty spectrometric detection for explosives analysis, Int. J. Ion Mobil. Spectrom. 2009, 12, 115-121. 

Windsor, E. Najarro, M. Bloom, A. Benner, B. Fletcher, R. Lareau, R. GiUen, G., Application of inkjet printing technology to produce test materials of 1,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5 triazcyclohexane for trace explosive analysis, Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 8519-8524. 

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