Applications explosives analysis

Yinon, J. and Zitrin, S., Modern Methods and Applications in Analysis of Explosives, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1996. 

Color reactions have been extensively used in the field of explosives analysis [1-3]. Their application is easy and the equipment required is simple and inexpensive. Their sensitivities are often in the sub-microgram range. They enable rapid, on-site diagnostic detection of explosive materials, and are also used for preliminary laboratory tests of materials suspected of being explosive. Moreover, these tests can help in diagnosing impurities and degradation products of explosives. 

Trace analysis of explosives is of major importance in forensic and environmental applications [6]. In forensics, the applications include analysis of postexplosion residues and identification of traces of explosives on suspects hands, clothing and other related items. The results of these analyses are not only necessary for the investigation of a bombing but can also serve as evidence in court. 

In the environmental field, the applications include analysis of explosives and their degradation products in soil and water. These analyses are important because of the toxicity of most explosives and the fact that many areas in the vicinity of explosives and munitions manufacturing plants are contaminated. 

Table 2. Applications of gas chromatography-thermal energy analyser (GC-TEA) to explosive analysis...

Raman spectroscopy in the 1960s. The implementation of FT spectrometers and lasers with output wavelengths that minimized sample fluorescence increased the utility of the technique and fostered application to explosive analysis. 

Gamma-ray spectrometry is a probe of nudear rather than chemical processes, but its high specificity and sensitivity have applications in analysis of materials (286). It is especially suited for activation analysis. Unstable nudides produced by nudear bombardment can be identified by their characteristic gamma-ray decay emissions. An important example is slow neutron capture by nitrogen with subsequent decay of 15 detected from its 1.7—10.8 MeV gamma lines, a signature useful for remote, nondestmctive detection of possible hidden explosives (see Explosives and propet. t.ents). Gamma-ray... 

Forensic science encompasses a number of different fields of science. In this book, we are explaining the theories associated with high performance liquid chromatography, the different forms that it may take, and its use in some forensic applications. In this chapter, we will examine applications of HPLC in drug analysis, toxicology, analysis of explosives, analysis of coloured materials, and environmental science. 

Windsor, E. Najarro, M. Bloom, A. Benner, B. Fletcher, R. Lareau, R. GiUen, G., Application of inkjet printing technology to produce test materials of 1,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5 triazcyclohexane for trace explosive analysis, Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 8519-8524. 

Most have to do with the area of drugs of abuse and toxicological analyses, including blood alcohol analysis. There are also some very unique applications in criminalistics, such as analysis of debris from fire scenes for accelerants, explosive analysis, and the examination of trace evidence, such as paints, fibers, and other polymers. Gas chromatographic applications within these specific areas are detailed in the chapter. 

A study on modernisation of mining has revealed that the complexities involved in clearance of jams can effectively be done by telemanipulators. In this particular application Economic analysis has revealed that productivity can be improved by reducing jam period to one sixth. Large savings of the explosives is expected with telemanipulators than with conventional methods. A payback period of one year is estimated in this modernisation process. 

To develop a safe design, it is necessary to first design and specify all equipment and systems in accordance with applicable codes and standards. Once the system is designed, a process safety shutdown system is specified to assure that potential hazards that can be detected by measuring process upsets are detected, and that appropriate safety actions (normally an automatic shutdown) are initiated. A hazards analysis is then normally undertaken to identify and mitigate potential hazards that could lead to fire, explosion, pollution, or injury to personnel and that cannot be detected as process upsets. Finally, a system of safety management is implemented to assure the system is operated and maintained in a safe manner by personnel who have received adequate training. 

This book is divided into five parts the problem, accidents, health risk, hazard risk, and hazard risk analysis. Part 1, an introduction to HS AM, presents legal considerations, emergency planning, and emergency response. This Part basically ser es as an oveiwiew to the more teclmical topics covered in the remainder of the book. Part 11 treats the broad subject of accidents, discussing fires, explosions and other accidents. The chapters in Parts 111 and Part IV provide introductory material to health and hazard risk assessment, respectively. Pai1 V examines hazaid risk analysis in significant detail. The thiee chapters in this final part include material on fundamentals of applicable statistics theory, and the applications and calculations of risk analysis for real systems. 

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