Lignin steam explosion lignin

Aldrich Chemical Company USA Organosolv lignin autohydrolysis lignin steam explosion lignin Analytical grade samples... 

Figure 3. Partial 13C NMR spectra of (A) the steam explosion lignin and (B) its phenolated product.

Relative rigidity vs. temperature curves of LP s are shown in Figure 4 in comparison with a commercial phenolic resin. The pH of these resins was previously adjusted to around 10.8. The phenolic resin is fully cured at around 75°C. By contrast, the curves of the three lignin-based resins exhibit slower cure as compared to the phenolic resin. The retardation increases as the charge ratio of formaldehyde increases. Some retardation had already been found, but neglected, for the phenolated lignin/phenol-formaldehyde resins (12). In this study, the neat phenolated SEL was used for resin preparation. It can be concluded that phenolated steam explosion lignin-based resins have an intrinsically retarded cure behavior as compared to phenolic resin at the same pH. 

Figure 4. Cure behavior of phenolated steam explosion lignin-based resins.

Figure 5. Cure rate dependence on pH for the phenolated steam explosion lignin-based resin LP-B.

Although there are still some problems, such as the ineffective methylo-lation of the phenolated SEL and the selection of a suitable extender, it can generally be concluded that phenolysis is a promising method to develop steam explosion lignin into attractive adhesives comparable to commercial phenolic resin. 

Steam-explosion lignins have received some attention as adhesives mainly because this process offers some potential for utilizing low-quality hardwoods. Like kraft lignin, these preparations also require activation [e.g., by hydroxymethy-lation (70), isocyanation (75,80)] to achieve any type of acceptable wood composite adhesive properties. 

Aspen (Populus tremuloides) steam explosion lignin - 25 bars, 4.5 s 254 415 669 1.63... 

Fig. 8.10 Inhibitory effect of different lignin solutions on haemolysis induced by AAPH LG lignosulfonates BG bagasse lignin SE steam explosion lignin CU Curan a commercial lignin [152]...

Fig. 8.12 Effect of pH on Zeta (( ) potential for samples 1 hardwood Kraft lignin 2 hardwood hydrolysis lignin 3 hardwood steam explosion lignin 4 softwood Kraft lignin 5 softwood organosolv lignin and 6 soda wheat straw lignin...

Tembec Canada, Europe, North America NH4, Na -lignosulfonate steam explosion lignin kraft lignin (Tomlinite) Dispersants Binders Chelators... 

Nippon Paper Ind. Steam explosion lignin Binders Chelators... 

Li JB, Gellerstedt G, Toven K (2009) Steam explosion lignins their extraction, structure and potential as feedstock for biodiesel and chemicals. Bioresour Technol 100 2556... 

Analytical methods. Annual plants. Cellular structures, Dehydropolymerizate (DHP), Hardwoods, Kraft lignins, Lignification, Lignins, Lignosulphonates, Milled wood lignins (MWL), Softwoods, Steam explosion lignins... 

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