Exhaust gas analysis

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF LIQUID FUEL SOUR< able I. Summary of S-Indices and Exhaust Gas Analyses at 150 Exhaust Gas Analysis (Vol %) ... 

American National Standards Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Performance Test Code PTC 19.10, Part 10 Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses, ASME, New York, 1981. 

Double-Bed Catalysts. Because the temperature of the colder section in the nonisothermal catalyst bed could not be readily controlled, an apparatus was constructed that contained two separate furnaces, each containing 20 g of Surinam red mud. The temperature of the first bed was varied to determine the optimum operating conditions with an inlet gas of 0.57% sulfur dioxide, 0.89% carbon monoxide, and 3% water vapor in helium. The exhaust gas analyses from the first furnace are shown in Figure 6. These results indicate that the hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide removal efficiency increases with temperature up to about 400 °C. Beyond this temperature there is little improvement. 

Additional tests with 20 g of Surinam red mud in the double-bed catalyst were conducted with sulfur dioxide-rich gases, simulating a smelter gas. The temperature of the first reactor was 475 °C and that of the second was 230 °C. The inlet gas into the first catalyst bed contained 3.15% sulfur dioxide, 5.97% carbon monoxide, and 3% water vapor in helium. After several hours, the exhaust gas analyses from the sec-... 

Computerisation can help in keeping cultivation conditions near ideal throughout the fermentation without manual intervention. It is difficult however to control pH as there is no reliable way of measuring the pH in the solid matrix. An automated packed bed system fitted with inlet and exhaust gas analysers can be used to precisely control cultivation atmospheres to give optimal enzyme yields. 

Exhaust gas analyses with respect to fuels used are presented in... 

PTC 19.10-1981 Part 10 Fhie and Exhaust Gas Analyses Order No. C00031 43.00... 

Figure 5.19 Weight loss and COj in the exhaust gas analysed by mass spectrometry during TGA of a fly ash (containing 2.7 wt.% of unburnt coal) under He and oxidising atmosphere. (Data from Deschner, F. et al.. Cement and Concrete Research, 42, 1389-1400.2012.)...

Another typical example of the use of the katherometer in the analysis of gas mixtures is afforded by the separation of the components of the Scott gas mixture 237. This is a standard mixture which consists of a mixture of oxygen, carbon monoxide, methane, and carbon dioxide in an excess of nitrogen. The sample is a typical mixture of gases that are liable to be found in automobile exhaust fumes and is used to test emission analyzing equipment and gas analyses apparatus. An example of such a separation carried out on a proprietary packing at 25°C is shown in figure 5. 

The reactor was fed with 1.6 Nl/min of 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm of methane in air. The mixtures were obtained by mixing N-50 synthetic air and 2.5 % (vol.) CH4 in N-50 synthetic air (Air Products). 40 ppm of SO2 (from a cylinder of 370 ppmV SO2 in N-50 synthetic air. Air Products) were added when the effect of sulphur on the catalysts activity was studied. Flow rates were controlled by calibrated mass flow controllers (Brooks 5850 TR). Exhaust gas was analysed by gas chromatography (Hewlett Packard HP 5890 Series II). Methane in the inlet and outlet streams was analysed using a 30 m fused silica capillary column with apolar stationary phase SE-30, and a FID detector. CO and CO2 were analysed using a HayeSep N 80/100 and a molecular sieve 45/60 columns connected in series, and a TCD detector. Neither CO, nor partial oxidation were detected in any experiment, the carbon mass balance fitting in all the cases within 2%. Methane conversions were calculated both from outlet methane and CO2 concentrations, being both values very close in all the cases. Methane (2000 ppmV) and SO2 (40 ppmV) concentrations have been selected because they are representative of industrial emissions, such as coke oven emissions. 

Table III shows the results of analyses of harmful gaseous elements etc. in the pyrolytic gas and the exhaust gas.

NOx and HC1 Contents of Exhaust Gas. Examples of analyses data showing the N0X and HC1 contents of the exhaust gas from this system are given in Figure A and 5 These figures show that the N0X content of the exhaust gas from this system is approx, one half that of the stoker-type incinerator. This is due to the fact that although the temperature in the pyrolysis furnace can be as high as approx. 1,100°C, the supply of air to... 

The reactor feed consisted of 5000 ppmV methane in N-50 synthetic air (Air Liquid). To study the poisonous effect of sulphur compounds, 40 ppmV of SO2 were added to the feed in some experiments. Gas flow rate (1 NL/min) was controlled by a mass flow controller (Brooks 5850 TR), and the exhaust gas was analysed by gas chromatography (Hewlett Packard HP 5890 Series II). CO was not detected in any experiment. Methane and SO2 concentrations have been selected because they are values representative of industrial emissions, such as coke oven emissions. 

The exhaust gas average composition was the following 02=4%, C02=ll%, H20=12%, HC (as propane)=410 ppm, NOx=1220 ppm, CO=1310 ppm, N2=balance. The experiments were effected at space velocity of 30000 h. NOx, HC, CO and O2 concentrations were measured by on-line Rosemount analyzers chemiluminescence for NOx, flame ionisation for total HC, infrared for CO, and electrochemical for O2. N2O was measured by on-line Hartmann Braun infrared analyzer. An Applied Automation on-line gas-chromatograph, with a FID detector, was adopted to analyse the individual hydrocarbon concentrations. Other details of the experimental apparatus are described in [16]. 

The apparatus for kinetic tests is shown in Figure 1. It comprises a quartz tubular flow reactor 300 mm height and 20 mm internal diameter, heated by an electrical furnace. The reactor temperature was controlled by a programmer-controller (Ascon). Cylinder air (99.999 % purity) was fed to the reactor and the flow rate was controlled by mass flow controllers (Hi-Tec). Exhaust gas concentrations were determined by Hartmann Braun continuous analysers Uras lOE (for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) and Magnos 6G (for oxygen). The signals from the analysers were acquired and processed by a personal computer which also performed the control of the experiment. 

To analyse the performance of exhaust gas catalyst (activity and poisoning) the effective diffusivity of six Rhone Poulenc alumina supports is measured by a physical dynamic method in a single pellet string reactor. 

Single-Bed Isothermal Catalysts. Detailed analyses of exit gases from single-bed isothermal catalysts were determined with 2 g of red bauxite at 475°C. The inlet gas contained 3.4% sulfur dioxide, 5.9% carbon monoxide, and 90.7% helium. Figure 2 (Section A) shows that the sulfur dioxide analysis decreased from 3.4 to 0.8. In other words, about 76% of the sulfur dioxide was removed in the dry state at a carbon monoxide ratio, r, of 0.87. However, when 3% water vapor was added (Section B), the sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gas increased to 1.9%, illustrating the poisoning effect of water. When water vapor flow was stopped, the sulfur dioxide exhaust analyses decreased slowly (Section... 

The FTP was not designed for kinetic studies, and thus it is difficult to perform kinetic analyses in the traditional manner. Inlet composition, exhaust gas flow rates, and catalyst temperature all vary widely during the FTP. However, it is possible to relate some of the observed experimental trends to reported kinetic data. 

The Cu/ZSM-5 microreactor experiments were performed by heating a powdered sample (particle diameter <150mm) from 150 to 500°C at 10°C min under a simulated exhaust gas. The gas mixture comprised 300ppm NO, 300ppm CO, SOOppm C3H6, 5% O2,10% H20,13% CO2 in N2, and was flowed over the sample at 120 dm h g. Nitric oxide conversion was monitored by a chemiluminescent analyser (Analysis Automation), while propene conversion was measured using a gas... 

Gas. Exhaust gas from the CATOX units serving most processes except the ICBs will pass through an activated carbon adsorber. In its review of demonstration testing, the the ACW I Committee concluded as follows The gas leaving the CATOX unit had traces of low-molecular-weight materials, which are considered acceptable. Chlorinated dioxins and furans were observed at very low levels in some of the analyses, but these compounds should be adsorbed from the gas by the carbon filter (NRC, 2000). 

In order to compare the analytical methods used in this study the same exhaust gas sample was analysed employing the thin-layer and the glass capillary gas chromatographic procedure taking the TLC method as the reference procedure. The relative standard deviation resulting from 11 double determinations gives a value of about 9 %, which is a satisfactory result considering the very low concentrations of the individual PAH compounds (5, 7, 12, 13). 

A regularly serviced test car was used for this study and was maintained at a constant speed of 90 k hr- on a dynomometer system. Samples of exhaust gas were collected utilizing a constant volume sampling system with exhaust gas samples being collected in clean dry preconditioned Tedlar bags. Analyses of the samples were carried out by direct injection of the diluted... 

The method consists of heating phosphoric acid in a three-neck round flask, a liquid sample of known volume is then injected into the hot, vigorously boiling acid. The CO2 is released and carried off by a controlled flow of nitrogen. The CO2/N2 gas mixture is dried and then sent to the CO2 analyser. The total mass of CO2 in the sample is then calculated by integrating the CO2 concentration in the exhaust gas in time. 

Electrochemistry plays an important role in the large domain of. sensors, especially for gas analysis, that turn the chemical concentration of a gas component into an electrical signal. The longest-established sensors of this kind depend on superionic conductors, notably stabilised zirconia. The most important is probably the oxygen sensor used for analysing automobile exhaust gases (Figure 11.10). The space on one side of a solid-oxide electrolyte is filled with the gas to be analysed, the other side... 

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