Dynamism, physical

In order to create dynamic physical models, it is necessary th.at the following criteria be met ... 

Integrating Research and Education to Create a Dynamic Physical Chemistry Curriculum... 

Steric effects result from repulsions between valence electrons or non-bonded atoms. Steric effects always increase the energy of a chemical species in which they are present. The overall steric effect on a chemical reaction may be either favorable or unfavorable. If steric effects in the reactant are larger then in the product (or transition state) then the reaction is favored (steric augmentation). If the reverse is the case the reaction is disfavored (steric diminution). This is also true of a dynamic physical property involving initial and final states, such as ionization potential. We may expect the same result in biological systems for the formation of the bas-receptor complex, and when it occurs, for the subsequent chemical reaction of the complex. 

The radiative forcing depends on the concentration change and the absorption characteristics of the atmospheric constituents both are reasonably known. Therefore, uncertainties associated with model calculated radiative forcing are much smaller than the climate feedbacks, which involve complex interactions between dynamics, physics and chemistry of the climate system. Because changes in 03 affect the Earth s climate, and changes in climate and circulation affect the 03 layer (cf. Wang et al., 1996), the development of a coupled climate-chemistry model system is needed to quantify the effect of changes in atmospheric 03. 

Gruebele, M. and Zewail, A.H. (1990). Ultrafast reaction dynamics, Physics Today, May issue, 24-33. 

Although many factors, such as film thickness and adsorption behaviour, have to be taken into account, the ability of a surfactant to reduce surface tension and contribute to surface elasticity are among the most important features of foam stabilization (see Section 5.4.2). The relation between Marangoni surface elasticity and foam stability [201,204,305,443] partially explains why some surfactants will act to promote foaming while others reduce foam stability (foam breakers or defoamers), and still others prevent foam formation in the first place (foam preventatives, foam inhibitors). Continued research into the dynamic physical properties of thin-liquid films and bubble surfaces is necessary to more fully understand foaming behaviour. Schramm et al. [306] discuss some of the factors that must be considered in the selection of practical foam-forming surfactants for industrial processes. 

In chemistry the term dynamic implies changing with time. Dynamic physical and chemical processes are of two basic types, irreversible and reversible. 

G. Barinovs, Time dependent wavepackets— Applications to spectroscopy, eigenstates and ultrafast dynamics. Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Goteborg University, Goteborg, 2002. 

Ladd, A., B. Moran, and W.G. Hoover, Lattice Thermal Conductivity A Comparison of Molecular Dynamics andAnharmonic Lattice Dynamics. Physical Review B, 1986. 34 p. 5058-5064. McGaughey, A.J. and M. Kaviany, Quantitative Validation of the Boltzmann Transport Equation Phonon Thermal Conductivity Model Under the Single-Mode Relaxation Time Approximation. Physical Review B, 2004. 69(9) p. 094303(1)-094303(11). 

The IfM also participated in the first international multiship research programme named Cooperative Synoptic Investigation of the Baltic (cf. Matthaus, 1987). Scheduled for August 1964, this activity was organized by CBO under the leadership of Erich Bruns. Its main objectives aimed at the variabilities in dynamic, physical, and chemical parameters in the Baltic Proper caused by meteorological processes. The data were published in the ICES Oceanographic Data Lists (Anonymous, 1968a). 

In fact, as shown by Weill and des Cloizeaux,13 measurements related to dynamics should be avoided. Indeed, we pointed out in Chapter 13, Section 1.4.3, that the lengths which take part in the determination of dynamical physical quantities, include not only the mean square end-to-end distance or the radius of gyration of polymers, but also the hydrodynamic radius. Now, it is easy to show that the hydrodynamic radius reaches its asymptotic behaviour... 

Riihimaki, H., Tola, S., Videman, T, and Hanninen, K. (1989), Low-Back Pain and Occupation A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study of Men in Machine Operating, Dynamic Physical Work and Sedentary Work, Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Vol. 14, pp. 204-209. 

The symmetiy of nitrogen in the green phthalocyanine pigment molecule, with an absence of eomplex structures, results in the dynamic (physical) adsorption of PP on the pigment surfaee. 

Drtischler, M., N. Borisenko, J. WaUauer et al. 2012. New insights into the interface between a single-crystalline metal electrode and an extremely pme ionic liquid Slow interfacial processes and the influence of temperatme on interfacial dynamics. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14 5090-5099. 

Rose J. Dynamic physical chemistry a textbook of thermodynamics, equilibria and kinetics. London, UK Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd 1961. p. 376-389. 

---