Mosaic evolution

B. Mosaic Stiffening and Temperature Evolution of the Boson Peak The Negative Griineisen Parameter An Elastic Casimir Effect ... 

Brodie, E. D., Jr., Ridenhour, B. J., and Brodie, E. D., III. (2002). The evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey hotspots and coldspots in the geographic mosaic of coevolution between garter snakes and newts. Evolution 56,2067-2082. 

Whitham, T.G. and Slobodchikoff, C.N. 1981. Evolution by individuals plant herbivore interactions and mosaics of genetic variability - the adaptive significance of somatic mutations in plants. Oecologia 49 287-292. 

For an example of structure analysis by fiber diffraction, see H. Wang and G. Stubbs, Structure determination of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus by X-ray fiber diffraction. Significance for the evolution of tobamoviruses, J.Mol, Biol 239, 371-384, 1994. 

Yonekura H, Nata K, Eatanabe T et al. Mosaic evolution of prepropancreatic polypeptide. J Biol Chem 1988 263 2990. 

The last theme to be considered is the interrupted character of most eukaryotic genes, which are mosaics of nucleic acid sequences called introns and exons. Both are transcribed, but introns are cut out of newly synthesized RNA molecules, leaving mature RNA molecules with continuous exons. The existence of introns and exons has crucial implications for the evolution of proteins. 

Frisch, W., Kuhlemann, J., Dunkl, I., and Sz6kely, B., 2001, The Dachstein paleosurface and the Augenstein Formation in the Northern Calcareous Alps - a mosaic stone in the geomorphological evolution of the Eastern Alps. Geologische Rundschau, v. 90, p. 500-518. 

Frank SA (2010) Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium somatic evolutionary genomics mutations during development cause highly variable genetic mosaicism with risk of cancer and neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(Suppl 1) 1725-1730... 

This flow of information depends on the genetic code, which defines the relation between the sequence of bases in DNA (or its mRNA transcript) and the sequence of amino acids in a protein. The code is nearly the same in all organisms a sequence of three bases, called a codon, specifies an amino acid. There is another step, between transcription and translation, in the expression of most eukaryotic genes, which are mosaics of nucleic acid sequences called introns and exons. Both are transcribed, but introns are cut out of newly synthesized RNA molecules, leaving mature RNA molecules with continuous exons. The existence of introns and exons has crucial Implications for the evolution of proteins. 

The organization of large proteins into multiple domains Illustrates the principle that complex molecules are built from simpler components. Tike motifs of secondary structure, domains of tertiary structure are Incorporated as modules into different proteins. In Chapter 10 we consider the mechanism by which the gene segments that correspond to domains became shuffled in the course of evolution, resulting in their appearance in many proteins. The modular approach to protein architecture is particularly easy to recognize in large proteins, which tend to be mosaics of different domains and thus can perform different functions simultaneously. 

Shimatsu, A. and Rotwein, P. (1987) Mosaic evolution of the insulin-like growth factors organization, sequence and expression of the rat insulin-like growth factor I gene. J. Biol. Chem. 262 7894-7900. 

Present concepts of membrane structure have a long history and their evolution has been gradual. For a review of the development of ideas up to the emergence of the fluid mosaic model see Cook and Stoddart (1973)... 

Wei W, Davis RE, Jomantiene R, Zhao Y. Ancient, recurrent phage attacks and recombinations shaped dynamic sequence-variable mosaics at the root of phytoplasma genome evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008 105 11827-32. 

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