Evaporators plate type

The type B hysteresis curve is associated with slit-shaped pores or the space between parallel plates. Type C hysteresis is produced by a mixture of tapered or wedge-shaped pores with open ends. Type D curves are also produced by tapered or wedge-shaped pores but with narrow necks at one or both open ends. Type E hysteresis results from McBain s bottleneck pores. In pores of this shape, emptying of the wide portion will be delayed during desorption until the narrow neck can evaporate. Therefore, the desorption curve exhibits a small slope at high relative pressures and a large slope where the wide part of the pore empties. 

Plate evaporators may be constructed of flat plates or corrugated plates, the latter providing an extended heat transfer surface and improved structural rigidity. Two basic types of heat exchangers are used for evaporation systems plate-and-frame and spiral-plate evaporators. Plate units are sometimes used because of the theory that scale will flake off such surfaces, which can flex more readily than curved tubular surfaces. In some plate evaporators, flat surfaces are used, each side of which can serve alternately as the liquor side and the steam side. Scale deposited while in contact with the liquor can then be dissolved while in contact with the steam condensate. There are still potential scaling problems, however. Scale may form in the valves needed for cycling the fluids and the steam condensate simply does not easily dissolve the seale produced. 

The relationships developed for these two cases are different and will be discussed below. Equipment using falling film heat transfer can be classified into vertical and horizontal systems. The vertical systems can include falling films on the inside or outside of tubes, or alternatively (in plate-type evaporators) on vertical flat plates. Generally, the liquid films are sufficiently thin to be treated as equivalent to the flat plate case for all of these configurations. Another important case is that of falling films on tube banks, as illustrated in Fig. 15.141 the... 

Besides keeping the temperature at a low level, molecular distillation holds only a small volume of the liquid at the evaporation temperature and thereby reduces the thermal degradation. The spinning-plate type of still is particularly effective in this respect because of the thin film obtained. 

The SMART and MED-TVC units are connected through the steam transformer. The steam transformer produces the motive steam using steam extracted from the turbine and supplies process steam to the desalination plant. A steam transformer also prevents contamination of the produced water by hydrazine and radioactive material of the primary steam. The steam transformer is made of horizontal tube bundles the primary steam flow is condensed inside the tubes at its saturation temperature. The feed brine is sprayed outside of the tube bundles by the recycling pump. Part of the sprayed water is evaporated and the produced steam is used as the motive steam for the thermo-compressor of the evaporator. Part of the condensate in the first cell of the evaporator is used as make-up for the steam transformer and this makeup water is preheated by the condensate of the primary steam before being fed into the steam transformer. The pre-heater is a plate-type heat exchanger made of welded titanium. 

Evaporators, Horizontal-Tube Type - The basic horizontal-tube evaporator is illustrated in Figure 12. The body of this evaporator is the liquor compartment and is in the form of a vertical cylinder. It is closed, top and bottom, with dished heads, although the bottom may be conical. The lower body ring is provided on opposite sides with steam compartments, closed on the outside by cover plates and on the inside by tube sheets. Between these tube sheets are fastened a number of horizontal tubes. The two steam chests with their connecting mbes form the steam compartment, and the tube wall heating surface. Steam is introduced into one steam chest and as it flows through the tubes it washes non-condensed gases and condensate ahead of it, so that these are withdrawn from the opposite steam chest. 

Like evaporators, RO works on most plating baths and rinse tanks. Most RO systems consist of a housing that contains a membrane and feed pump. There are four basic membrane designs plate-and-frame, spiral-wound, tubular, and hollow-fiber. The most common types of membrane materials are cellulose acetate, polyether/amide, and polysulfones.29... 

As discussed in section 2.2, a mixture of AMP and AA showed two solid condensed phases above and below about 30 mN m- [5,10]. A loosely stacked structure of two porphyrins was proposed for LB films prepared at higher surface pressures than 30 mNmr1, which was caused by squeezing-out of a monomolecular structure formed at lower surface pressure [5,10]. In this section, photoelectric characteristics of LB films containing AMP and AA deposited at two solid condensed phases will be discussed in relation to multilayer structure and the anisotropic intermolecular tunneling rates [87]. Seven monolayers of 1 5 or 1 10 mixture of AMP and AA were deposited at 20 and 50 mN m-1 on an ITO plate at 18 °C to form stable Y-type LB films. Aluminum was vacuum evaporated onto LB films as sandwich-type electrodes at 10-6 Torr. Steady photocurrents were measured in a similar manner as mentioned above. 

In this type of study, one can correlate bands seen on HPLC and TLC. It should be noted that the reverse is easily accomplished as well. An HPLC equipped with a fraction collector can collect an impurity, evaporate off the solvent, and then evaluated on the HPTLC plate to determine if the two impurities are the same. 

The use of vertical tubes is associated with Robert, and this type is sometimes known as the Robert or Standard Evaporator. A typical form of vertical evaporator is illustrated in Figure 14.18, in which a vertical cylindrical body is used, with the tubes held between two horizontal tube plates which extend right across the body. The lower portion of the evaporator is frequently spoken of as the calandria section shown in Figure 14.19. Tubes... 

Shallow-water embayments provide a mechanism to isolate seawater so that evaporation can raise salt ion concentrations. Arid climates are required to ensure that the rate of water loss from evaporation exceeds the rate of water supply by rainfell, groundwater seeps, or river runoff. Seawater can be resupplied continuously via a type of antiestuar-ine circulation as illustrated in Figure 17.2 or episodically as a result of sea level change, plate tectonics, or very high tides and storm surges. 

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