Evaluation of economic efficiency

Moldnk, P. Gurecky, J. 2007. RC switch disconnectors and circuit-breakers in overhead MV systems - Evaluation of economic efficiency. Proc. of conference ELEKTRO, ZXJ Zilina, Slovakia. 

Table 2-21 compares some important column trays. For the detailed evaluation of economical efficiency or optimization calculations, experimentation with the separation mixture in pilot-scale plants is required [2.69, 2.72]. 

Wassermann Philosophy Wassermann Supply Chain (WSC) Value analysis of the supply chain Value accumulation curves Neutral-value direct costs What if scenarios Whipsaw effect Economical lot sizes Evaluation of economic efficiency... 

Short, W. Packey, D. and Holt, T. (1995). A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies NREL/TP-462-5173. Golden, CO National Renewable Energy Lahoratoiy. 

Behrens A (2004) Environmental policy instruments for dematerialisation of the European Union. SERI Background Papers, No 7. Sustainable Europe Research Institute, Vienna EUROSTAT (2001) Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators. A methodological guide. Statistical Office of the European Union, Luxembourg Giljum S (2006) Material flow-based indicators for evaluation of eco-efficiency and dematerialisation policies. In Lawn P (ed) Sustainability indicators in Ecological Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham... 

Another characteristic of the economic-efficiency concept IS that it does not require arbitrai y decisions by the analyst about, fur example, how coal should be evaluated compared with natural gas. The question of whether I Btu of coal is equal to 1, or perhaps 1/2, Btu of natural gas is answered directly by the market. The weightings of the marketplace, revealed in relative prices, vary with scarcity, cost of production, technology, and human preferences. Decisionmakers do not need to think about the underlying reasons, however. They need to know only current prices (and make their best guesses about future prices). 

This tube has a ratio of outside to inside surface of about 3.5 and is useful in exchangers when the outside coefficient is poorer than the inside tube coefficient. The fm efficiency factor, which is determined by fm shape and size, is important to final exchanger sizing. Likewise, the effect of the inside tube fouling factor is important to evaluate carefully. Economically, the outside coefficient should be about V5 or less than the inside coefficient to make the finned unit look attractive however, this break-even point varies with the market and designed-in features of the exchanger. 

The boilers should be controlled in sequence, the switching points for bringing boilers on line occurring whenever an additional boiler makes the system more efficient (for an evaluation of this see Figure 27.1). Full boiler load is not usually the most economic switching point, but switching points too close to full turndown... 

A health economic evaluation calculates the efficiency of the transformation processes. For instance, we can compare the consumption of agents of production with the output, the outcome, or the impact of this production process. Table 1 demonstrates some possible comparisons and indicators. 

The underlying aim of each mode of economic evaluation is to examine the efficiency with which resources are being utilized. If the evaluation is comparing two alternative treatments, the question to be addressed is whether one treatment achieves a better outcome for patients and families than the other treatment, relative to their respective costs. If the outcomes that follow from the two treatments are known or found to be identical, the economic question would be whether one treatment is less costly than the other. These are efficiency questions, and could be used to compare alternative accommodation settings, family support... 

Our approach for chiral resolution is quite systematic. Instead of randomly screening different chiral acids with racemic 7, optically pure N-pMB 19 was prepared from 2, provided to us from Medicinal Chemistry. With 19, several salts with both enantiomers of chiral acids were prepared for evaluation of their crystallinity and solubility in various solvent systems. This is a more systematic way to discover an efficient classical resolution. First, a (+)-camphorsulfonic acid salt of 19 crystallized from EtOAc. One month later, a diastereomeric (-)-camphorsulfonic acid salt of 19 also crystallized. After several investigations on the two diastereomeric crystalline salts, it was determined that racemic 7 could be resolved nicely with (+)-camphorsulfonic acid from n-BuOAc kinetically. In practice, by heating racemic 7 with 1.3equiv (+)-camphorsulfonic acid in n-BuOAc under reflux for 30 min then slowly cooling to room temperature, a cmde diastereomeric mixture of the salt (59% ee) was obtained as a first crop. The first crop was recrystallized from n-BuOAc providing 95% ee salt 20 in 43% isolated yield. (The optical purity was further improved to -100% ee by additional recrystallization from n-BuOAc and the overall crystallization yield was 41%). This chiral resolution method was more efficient and economical than the original bis-camphanyl amide method. 

In recent years in some developed countries, the requisite of presenting economic evaluation (that is, pharmacoeconomic) studies of new dmgs has been introduced alongside the existing one of clinical trials. These studies have to provide proof of their efficiency (or cost-effectiveness) as a condition for the public financing of the new product. These studies improve information and market transparency and may help to make competition keener, but like the earlier requirements regarding effectiveness and safety, they constitute an additional cost factor and as such raise further barriers to entry. 

Effective design of a remediation system for dissolved hydrocarbons in groundwater requires consideration of more than only the effectiveness of the technological process involved. At many sites a variety of techniques are capable of completing the cleanup. However, design of a project that is efficient in all aspects — technically, in terms of time, and economically — requires an evaluation of the entire life cycle of the project from inception to closure. Typically, at sites where remediation is expected to continue over a 4-year project life, operation and maintenance account for between 50 and 80% of the total project cost. These percentages increase each year thereafter. The principal components of operation and maintenance are power, labor, and parts. Identification and quantification of these components are critical to the overall cost of a project. 

Numerous processes for powder generation using supercritical fluids have been developed. The specific properties of dense gases allow obtaining fine dispersed solids, especially of substances with low melting point temperatures, high viscosities and very waxy or sticky properties. Economic evaluation of the process shows that these compounds cannot be efficiently and economically processed by conventioned mechanical processes and there is a big advantage of the use of supercritical fluids. 

The most outstanding source of instability, which from an academic point of view may be difficult to realize, is the corrosion that can arise at open circuit when a cell is shut down for maintenance or other reasons [108]. The cathode can simply corrode, or can be oxidized. In the latter case, the residual oxide can be deleterious for the catalytic activity since it may remain unreduced even under cathodic load. Therefore, cathode materials usually contain additives whose function is to reduce the consequences of shut-downs [109]. Laboratory experiments should thus include also this kind of test if a complete analysis of the material is to be done [105, 108, 110]. If the cathode corrodes, some cathodic protection may need to be maintained during shut-downs [7], which is of course to be accounted for in the evaluation of the economic efficiency. 

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