EuSe

Eused-ring polycycHc fluoroaromatics can be made from the corresponding amino fused-ring polycycHc or from preformed fluoroaromatics, eg, 4-fluorophenyl-acetonitrile [459-22-3] (275). Direct fluorination techniques have been successfully appHed to polycycHc ring systems such as naphthalene, anthracene, benzanthracenes, phenanthrene, pyrene, fluorene, and quinoHnes with a variety of fluorinating agents xenon fluorides (10), acetyl hypofluorite (276), cesium fluoroxysulfate (277), and electrochemical fluorination (278,279). 

Optical Fibers. Pure and doped fused siHca fibers have replaced copper lines in the telecommunication area. Eused siHca fibers are used in laser surgery, optical sensor appHcation, and laser welding (see Sensors). Optical-fiber-tethered weapons such as fiber-optics-guided (EOG) missiles are another potential appHcation for fused siHca (249,250) (see Eiberoptics). 

Nitreosil, Thermal American Eused Quartz Co., MontviUe, N.J., 1966. 

As most organotins decompose, boiling points of 250 °C were assumed in the absence of a "true boiling point. The values for Henry s law constant and organic carbon/water partition coefficient were all derived from EUSES unless otherwise indicated. The chlorides were chosen as soluble salts in this table toxicity is independent of salt (see section 8), and soluble salts maximize likely environmental exposure, giving worst case in modelling environmental fate. 

For the purposes of environmental modelling using the EUSES program, data are available regarding photodegradation of the substances, as summarized in Table 5. 

ETINSA (2003) Tins Input to EUSES — Levels of TB T found In the environment Summary repert ef relevant studies previded to Risk Policy Analysts Ltd by the Eurepean Tin Stabilisers Asseciatien, Octeber. 

Fig. 14.7 A2EuM See (A=Na, K, Rb, Cs M=Si, Ge) structures. In all structures, the alkali metals are black spheres, Se light spheres, EuSe polyhedra are light grey and M2S06 polyhedra are dark grey.

Gaikwad NS, Bhosale CH (2002) Electrodeposition of EuSe thin films onto different substrates. Mater Chem Phys 76 198-203... 

Inoue H, O Takimura, H Euse, K Murakami, K Kamimura, Y Yamaoka (2000) Degradation of triphenyltin by a fluorescent pseudomonad Appl Environ Microbiol 66 3492-3498. 

Eused-silica capillary columns, 25-m, SE54-CB-1 or OV-1701 (Supelco)... 

This research study was supported by the European territorial co-operation Austria-Czech Republic 2007-2013, the Project EUS M00080- Sustainable kitchen and by the University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice grant GAJU 063/2013/Z. 

In this chapter the risk assessment is briefly introduced. Risk assessment is divided into four steps hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. This chapter also highlights five risk and life cycle impact assessment models (EUSES, USEtox, GLOBOX, SADA, and MAFRAM) that allows for assessment of risks to human health and the environment. In addition other 12 models were appointed. Finally, in the last section of this chapter, there is a compilation of useful data sources for risk assessment. The data source selection is essential to obtain high quality data. This source selection is divided into two parts. First, six frequently used databases for physicochemical... 

The European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) [8] is the software provided by European Chemical Bureau (ECB) to implement the EU Technical Guidance Documents on Risk Assessment for new notified substances, existing substances, and biocides [3]. The development of EUSES 2.1 was commissioned by the European Commission to the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) of the Netherlands. The work was supervised by an EU working group comprised of representatives of the JRC-European Chemicals Bureau, EU Member States, and the European chemical industry. 

The EUSES environment is represented as a set of nested scales. The local scale is nested into the regional scale which is nested in the continental scale. The continental scale is nested into the moderate climate zone, which has two adjacent zones, an arctic and a tropic zone, respectively. All the scales are divided into boxes (environmental compartments). The boxes of all scales include at least air, soil, water, and sediment compartments. 

The human and environmental protection goals in EUSES are human populations (workers, consumers, and man exposed via the environment) and ecological systems (micro-organisms in sewage treatment systems, aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, sediment ecosystems, and predators). Repeated dose toxicity, fertility toxicity, maternal toxicity, developmental toxicity, carcinogenic risk, and lifetime cancer risk can be calculated for the cases that literature data is available. 

The risk characterization procedure will result in a quantitative comparison per substance of the outcome of the exposure assessment and of the effects assessment. This comparison is made through the ratio PEC/PNEC. The generic name for PEC/ PNEC in EUSES is risk characterization ratio (RCR). Other ratios are used in EUSES for the risk characterization such as the margin of safety (MOS) or the ratio of the estimated no-effect or effect level parameter to the estimated exposure level for human subpopulations and the acceptable operator exposure level (AOEL). 

The exposure assessment in EUSES aims at reasonable worst-case, i.e., the exposure scenario was the worst scenario without being unrealistic and as much as possible using mean, median, or typical parameter values. If the outcome of the reasonable worst-case risk characterization indicates that the substance is not of concern, the risk assessment for that substance can be stopped with regard to the scenario considered. 

In this chapter human health and environmental risk assessment steps were introduced. Five models (EUSES, USEtox, GLOBOX, SADA, and MAFRAM) risk and LCIA models were briefly described and also other 12 models were appointed. There is no risk assessment model better than another. All models have their strengths and weaknesses and many of them also are focused on one... 

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