Life cycle impact assessment models

In this chapter the risk assessment is briefly introduced. Risk assessment is divided into four steps hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. This chapter also highlights five risk and life cycle impact assessment models (EUSES, USEtox, GLOBOX, SADA, and MAFRAM) that allows for assessment of risks to human health and the environment. In addition other 12 models were appointed. Finally, in the last section of this chapter, there is a compilation of useful data sources for risk assessment. The data source selection is essential to obtain high quality data. This source selection is divided into two parts. First, six frequently used databases for physicochemical... 

Keywords Environmental and risk assessment models, Life-cycle Impact assessment models, Physicochemical and toxicological database... 

Apart from the risk assessment models, there exist models for assessing impacts to human health and the environment in LCA. Both tools [risk assessment and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)] have different purposes and aims that are summarized in Table 1 [7]. 

Rosenbaum R, Bachmann TM, Gold LS, Huijbregts MAJ, Jolliet O, Juraske R, Koehler A, Larsen HF, MacLeod M, Margni M, McKone TE, Payet J, Schuhmacher M, van de Meent D, Hauschild MZ (2008) USEtox the UNEP-SETAC toxicity model recommended characterisation factors for human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity in life cycle impact assessment. Int J Life Cycle Assess 13 532-546... 

Hofstetter P (1998) Perspectives in Life Cycle Impact Assessment A Structured Approach to Combine Models of the Technosphere, Ecosphere and Valuesphere. Boston, MA Kluwer Academic. 

The methodological and scientific framework for impact assessment is still being developed. Models for impact categories are in different stages of development. There is subjectivity in the life cycle impact assessment phase such as the choice, modelling and evaluation of impact categories. Therefore, transparency is critical to impact assessment to ensure that the assumptions are clearly described and reported. 

Life-cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling, http //lime3.jimdo.com/... 

Rosenbaum, R.K., Bachmann, T.K., Gold, L.S., Huijbregts, M.A.J., Jolliet, O., Juraske, R., Koehler, A., Larsen, H.F., MacLeod, M., Margni, M., McKone, T.E., Payet, J., Schuhmacher, M., Van de Meent, D., Hauschild, M.Z., 2008. USEtox - the UNEP/ SETAC-consensus model recommended characterisation factors for human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity in life cycle impact assessment. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 13 (7), 532—546. 

EC-JRC (2011) Recommendations based on existing environmental impact assessment models and factors for life cycle assessment in European context. ILCD handbook - international reference life cycle data system, European Union EUR24571EN. Retrieved from http // Ict.jrc.ec.europa.eu (accessed 20 August 2013)... 

Since life cycle assessment (LCA) can be more than an environmental impact assessment approach, chapter Life Cycle Sustainabiftty Assessment A Holistic Evaluation of Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts discusses life cycle sustainabiftty assessment. This extends the holistic environmental LCA to account for the economic and social pillars of sustainabiftty. Lastly, chapter Embedding Sustainabiftty in Product and Process Development—The Role of Process Systems Engineers describes the practical role of process systems engineers in the implementation of sustainabiftty in product and process development. It shows some key aspects and tools that practitioners should take into account to design and develop more sustainable products and processes during material selection, process design, process and product modeling, and supply chain implications. 

Any deviations and interventions to the pharmaceutical or healthcare company s Validation Plan or Supplier s Project/Quality Plan must be recorded, their impact on validation assessed, and their true cause investigated. Deviations and interventions may include changes to SOPs during validation, concessions on the acceptability of unexpected test results, or modifications to the life-cycle model to make it more appropriate. 

Huijbregts MAJ, Thissen U, Guinee JB, Jager T, van de Meent D, Ragas AMJ, Wegener Sleeswijk A, Reijnders L (2000) Priority assessment of toxic substances in life cycle assessment, I Calculation of toxicity potentials for 181 substances with the nested multi-media fate, exposure and effects model USES-LCA. Chemosphere 41 541-573 Tox Huijbregts MAJ, Guinee JB, Reijnders L (2001) Priority assessment of toxic substances in life cycle assessment, III Export of potential impact over time and space. Chemosphere 44(l) 59-65 Tox... 

Challenges for Model-Based Life Cycle Inventories and Impact Assessment in Early to Basic Process Design Stages... 

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