Typical parameters

Typical parameters which may be varied in the sensitivity analysis are ... 

The time dependence of the molecular wave function is carried by the wave function parameters, which assume the role of dynamical variables [19,20]. Therefore the choice of parameterization of the wave functions for electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom becomes important. Parameter sets that exhibit continuity and nonredundancy are sought and in this connection the theory of generalized coherent states has proven useful [21]. Typical parameters include molecular orbital coefficients, expansion coefficients of a multiconfigurational wave function, and average nuclear positions and momenta. We write... 

Fig. 15. Parallel-plate PECVD reactor, where typical parameters are radio frequency at 50 kH2 to 13.56 MH2 temperature, 25—700°C pressure, 13—270 Pa...

Switchgear and controlgear assemblies 13/353 Table 13.8 Typical parameters of a power generating station and Its likely fault levels... 

Excitation circuit Typical parameters of the CT Resistance of instruments of 7.5VA (a) Under energized and closed circuit condition. 

An estimate of heat and contaminant emission to the room air is needed early in the design process. Table 8.4 presents typical parameters of interest. 

Some typical parameters for design are shown in Table 9-4. The actual optimum to use for any given process will vary depending on actual feed properties, product specifications, etc. 

The analytic theory outlined above provides valuable insight into the factors that determine the efficiency of OI.EDs. However, there is no completely analytical solution that includes diffusive transport of carriers, field-dependent mobilities, and specific injection mechanisms. Therefore, numerical simulations have been undertaken in order to provide quantitative solutions to the general case of the bipolar current problem for typical parameters of OLED materials [144—1481. Emphasis was given to the influence of charge injection and transport on OLED performance. 1. Campbell et at. [I47 found that, for Richardson-Dushman thermionic emission from a barrier height lower than 0.4 eV, the contact is able to supply... 

Typical Values. Table 11.3 shows typical parameter values for mechanically agitated tanks and other gas-liquid contacting devices. Not shown are values for kgAj since these are usually so large that they have no influence on the mass transfer rate. 

These substitutions replace the eight dimensional parameters in the original equations by the four nondimensional parameters above. The parameter Pe is the Peclet number (37) and shows the relative importance of convection compared to diffusion. The advantage of this formulation becomes obvious when typical parameter values are substituted into the equations. 

Another interesting implementation of simulated annealing for continuous minimization (like a typical parameter estimation problem) utilizes a modification of the downhill simplex method. Press et al. (1992) provide a brief overview of simulated annealing techniques accompanied with listings of computer programs that cover all the above cases. 

If metal deposition is fast (as in the case of Cu in sulfuric acid solution), cluster generation can be performed at kHz rates. Obtaining an array of 10 000 Cu clusters on Au(l 11) takes a couple of minutes [15]. Typical parameters are 10-20 ms pulses at a rate of 50-80 Hz. 

The exposure assessment in EUSES aims at reasonable worst-case, i.e., the exposure scenario was the worst scenario without being unrealistic and as much as possible using mean, median, or typical parameter values. If the outcome of the reasonable worst-case risk characterization indicates that the substance is not of concern, the risk assessment for that substance can be stopped with regard to the scenario considered. 

Signals are characterized by typical parameters. In Fig. 3.6 the fundamental signal parameters of a common bell-shaped signal are given. 

TABLE 6.1 Typical Parameters Necessary for Consideration in 2DLC... 

Table III. Typical Parameters of High Expansion Foams...

Oxide species containing four tin centres are found in a number of variants on the compact structure based on a central SnOSnO ring sharing edges with four other rings shown in (26). Typical parameters for the varieties are given in Table 11. 

Typical parameters found for representative [n] prismane clusters are given below. 

Charts, correlations, and tables in the sources cited earlier relate capital costs to various parameters characteristic of the equipment to be evaluated. Table B.2 lists typical parameters used to correlate equipment costs for common types of process equipment. Figure B.3 is an example of such correlations for the cost of heat exchangers as a function of exchanger area. These forms of cost curves generally appear as nearly straight lines on log-log plots, indicating a power-law relationship between capital cost and capacity, with exponents typically ranging from 0.5 to 0.8. 

Chapter 9 deals with the general problem of joint parameter estimation data reconciliation. Starting from the typical parameter estimation problem, the more general formulation in terms of the error-in-variable methods is described, where measurement errors in all variables are considered. Some solution techniques are also described here. 

In this chapter, the general problem of joint parameter estimation and data reconciliation was discussed. First, the typical parameter estimation problem was analyzed, in which the independent variables are error-free, and aspects related to the sequential processing of the information were considered. Later, the more general formulation in terms of the error-in-variable method (EVM), where measurement errors in all variables are considered in the parameter estimation problem, was stated. Alternative solution techniques were briefly discussed. Finally, joint parameter-state estimation in dynamic processes was considered and two different approaches, based on filtering techniques and nonlinear programming techniques, were discussed. 

Horizontal comparison answers the question what time is required to reach a certain ordinate value. This approach stresses the rate aspect of the process, i.e., its property of being faster or slower. Typical parameters are max or time parameters tf for a given fraction (percentile). 

Table 6.1 Typical parameters for flow injection analysis...

Let IM be the intensity of a peak at mass M, normalized to the highest peak in the spectrum (the base peak with intensity 100%). A spectral feature Xj is a function of one or several peak intensities and is scaled to the range 0-100. Spectral features can be used—eventually together with original peak intensities—to characterize a mass spectrum of a compound. The typical parameters given here are for electron impact mass spectra. 

Some of the typical parameters or properties utilized for NIR detection are potentiometry,(5) absorbance,(52 54) refractometry/18,19) or fluorescence spectros-copy.(55) Of these, has proven to be the most valuable detection method in fiber optic applications/2,56) In standard spectroscopic techniques, the detection limits of a method are greatly determined by the instrument and by the chemical method used for the analysis. However, in OFCD research the detection limits are governed by a series of other variables including the dye, the matrix, and the instrument. By optimizing these variables, low detection limits can be obtained with this technique. 

For HPLC, the typical parameters that are investigated during... 

TABLE 7 Typical Parameters and Ranges Evaluated During Method Robustness... 

The evaluation of robustness should be considered in the development of the assay and will depend on the type of procedure under development. It must show the reliability of a method with respect to deliberate variations in method parameters. If measurements are susceptible to variations in analytical conditions, the analytical conditions should be suitably controlled or a precautionary statement might be included in the procedure. One consequence of the evaluation of robustness may be that a series of system suitability parameters is established to ensure that the validity of the analytical procedure is maintained whenever used. Typical parameters to be tested would be the following sample concentration, sample stability, labeling variability (if applicable), injection variability, reagent lot-to-lot variability, and capillary vendor. 

Typical parameters are the means and standard deviations of each class in the specified space, and the number of samples used to define each class. However, some methods might require other parameters, such as the number of nearest neighbors (KNN), the set of PCA loadings associated with each class (SIMCA), or specific... 

Using the case of S = 5/2 as an illustrative example, he demonstrated that it was possible to derive closed-form analytical expressions for the PRE of the form of the SBM equations times (1 + correction term). For typical parameter values, the effect of the correction term was to increase the prediction of the SBM theory by 5-7%. A similar approach was also applied to the S = 7/2 system, such as Gd(III) (101), where the correction terms could be larger. For that case, the estimations of the electron spin relaxations rates, obtained in the solution for PRE, were also used for simulations of ESR lineshapes. 

The term responsive (elsewhere indicated as smart ) refers to diagnostic agents whose contrasting properties are sensitive to a given physicochemical variable that characterizes the microenvironment in which the probe is distributed (116-117). Typical parameters of primary diagnostic relevance include pH, temperature, enzymatic activity, redox potential and the concentration of specific ions, and low-weight metabolites. 

Typical parameters and nutrient levels for assessment of compost quality are shown in Table 5.2. These are combined values from a variety of sources, including Bertoldi eta/. (1987), and are merely intended to help in setting up analytical procedures. 

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