European legislative process

These tendencies can only be transformed into practical results if existing and future laws, regulations, and framework conditions are taken into account. The European legislative process, and the expansion of the European Union, will play important roles, in particular the chemical policies product liability laws. The particular relevance of these aspects to the adhesives industry and development of new adhesives, and the chances and risks involved, are treated in greater detail later. 

Confusion as to what constitutes municipal waste is presenting an obstacle to the use of packaging waste as a fuel in cement kilns. Whilst cement kilns can bum hazardous waste, they cannot bum a wide range of non-hazardous materials, it is reported. The case of Castle Cement is described which planned to bum a range of non-hazardous commercial and industrial wastes. Some waste-fired combustion processes, however, such as UK Waste s Fibre Fuel operation have been granted derogations where fuel is manufactured by advanced mechanical processes, which includes the production of fuel pellets. This latter process would be pointless for the cement industry since their fuels have to be pulverised. The problems are further discussed with reference to current European legislation. 

The current European legislative framework relating to the environment is reviewed and a discussion is presented on the effect of this legislation on the ability of the polymer industry, particularly the coatings industry, to meet new requirements. It is concluded that the polymer industry will either have to invest in partnerships with raw material suppliers to obtain novel raw materials or in new process technology and that future developments will probably be incremental, with the emphasis on niche markets. 11 refs. 

The European Parliament is the elected body that represents the EU s citizens and is, together with the Council, responsible for the legislative process and for the budget. The present parliament, elected in 2004, has 732 members. 

This chapter is written during the early days of the legislative process on the European Commission s New Chemicals Strategy and is a snapshot of the current position the final regulation may be changed from that which is outlined here and the reader must bear this in mind when doing further work on the subject. 

The Dutch legislator has a broad scope of opportunities to fulfil its task. International law is of particular importance because in the Netherlands acts of parliament are bound to the constitutional law but courts cannot review their constitutionality. This is not true for the conformity of rules with EU law and other international statutes. In this case, courts can review the conformity of rules with these norms. The rights fixed in the European Declaration of Human Rights and the ILO Conventions play a particular role. They might work as an obstacle in the legislative process since courts have the power to check completely their observance. The most important sources of law with regard to activation are the Unemployment Insurance Law, the Work and Welfare Act and the Act on Employment and Income Depending on Work Capacity (WIA Act). 

Absorbent charcoal has been used for many years. There are many different preparations (based on animal or plant charcoal), which have been subjected to various activation processes. These prod-nets are relatively suitable, either for eliminating nnpleasant smells or for removing stains or mader-ized color from white wines. The use of doses up to 100 g/hl is permitted by European legislation for the treatment of white wines. Doses of 10-50 g/hl are generally sufficient to treat the color of white wines, while effective deodorization may require... 

From those medicines prepared in one of a selection of European hospital pharmacies, half to three-quarters are available in the market in another EU country, North America or Australia [80]. Although the European legislation has been aimed at decreasing trade barriers since 2001, the purchase of medicines from other countries is an5 thing but simple. A patient is allowed to travel abroad and buy an authorised medicine for personal use and import it into Europe, however, a pharmacist can only import a medicinal product if he has a wholesale import authorisation. The complicated rules for reimbursement (in some Countries) and the amount of time the whole process takes, renders import a laborious way to make medicines available for the patient. 

These techniques, similarly to drying and cryoex-traction, consist of eliminating part of the water contained in grapes or in must. Two physical processes can be used water evaporation, or selective separation across a semi-permeable membrane (reverse osmosis). European legislation has set the limits for these treatments a 20% maximum volume decrease and a 2% volume maximum alcohol potential increase. 

The European legislation neither determines nor recommends any method in this area. In spite of that, it can be stated that the most suitable methods are those like Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis (CPQRA) and Chemical Transportation Risk Analysis (TRA) issued by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). 

As with all other industrial and commercial enterprises, the design, construction, commissioning and operation of process plant are subject to national and in the UK, increasingly to European legislation. 

Figure 7.3 The prevention of fires and explosions in a plant for the processing of hydrocarbons (refinery or offshore installation) based on the so-called defences in depth philosophy. The different barriers are reflected in the European legislation on health and safety related to chemical agents at work.

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