European Committee for Electrotechnical

Also, the electronic control-valve device s level of immunity to, and emission of, electromagnetic interference (EMI) can be an issue in the chemical-valve environment. EMI requirements for the control-valve devices are presently mandatory in the European Community but voluntary in the United States, Japan, and the rest of the world. International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) SOI, Parts I through 4, Electromagnetic Compatibihty for Industrial Process Measurement and Control Equipment, defines tests and requirements for control-device immunity. Immunity and emission standards are addressed in CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) EN 50 081-1 1992, EN 50 081-2 1993, EN 50 082-1 1992, and prEN 50 082-2 1994. 

However, the standard used in the United States and the standards used in Europe do not coincide. The dissimilarities are due to a difference in the manner in which hazardous environments are classified and to a divergence in philosophy over the safety factor employed. NFPA 493 uses a safety of 1.5 pertaining to the total energy, while the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) require a safety factor of 1.5 for the voltage or current, which relates to a 2.25 factor of safety for the energy. 

Safe Automation and ANSI/ISA 84.01-1996 served as significant technical references for the first international standard, IEC 61511, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In the United States, IEC 61511 was accepted by ISA as ISA 84.00.01-2004, replacing the 1996 standard. In 2004, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) recognized IEC 61511 as a consensus standard for the process industry. IEC 61511 covers the complete process safety management life cycle. With its adoption, this standard serves as the primary driving force behind the work processes followed to achieve and maintain safe operation using safety instrumented systems. 

European Communities are presumed by Member States to comply with those aspects of the essential requirements that are covered by the standard. Harmonised standards are those adopted by the EC standards bodies pursuant to a mandate issued by the Commission, in this case the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) and the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC). A large number of standards are contemplated but may take time to be written and adopted. Standards may be horizontal (covering aspects common to all or a number of product types) or vertical (dealing only with a specific aspect or specific product type). Important harmonised standards exist on the following ... 

British Approvals Service for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Atmospheres (BASEEEA) and Physikalische-Technische Bimdesanstalt (PTB), Germany, which, along with other European approvals bodies, provides certification to the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) standards... 

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation. Continuous quantity. 

Two directives related to medical devices are the Medical Devices Directive (MDD), enacted in 1993 (mandatory as of June 15,1998), and the Active Implanted Medical Devices Directive (AlMDD), effective since 1995. Safety is the primary concern of this system, and as in the United States, there are three classes of risk. These risks are based on what and for how long the device touches, and its effects. Safety issues include electrical, mechanical, thermal, radiation, and labeling. Voluntary standards that address these issues are formulated by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). 

CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization CERT EC Certificate of Conformity (by Notified Body)... 

European standard EN 50131-1 2006. Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 1 System requirements. Brussels European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization CENELEC. 

Europe International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) European Committee for Standardization (CEN) International Standards Organization (ISO)... 

There are also efforts to make standards in different countries uniform. This is called harmonization. In Europe, several organizations attempt to harmonize standards, including the ISO. Other examples are the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC), and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 

The standards for electrical equipment for use in flammable atmospheres are affected by the harmonisation processes of the EEC, CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation) and the lEC (International Electrotechnical Committee). 

As soon as European standards applicable to the LVD are published (the majority by the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC) or the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)) they may be used to demonstrate conformity with the LVD, the title is then published in the European Official Journal (OJ) for information. With all other NA directives, the application of a standard is dependant on its title firstly being published in the OJ. The European Commission has no effective control over the standards bodies. This raised concerns that if a standard was proved to be defective it would be difficult to block its use, certainly within a short time firame because of the difficulties in withdrawing standards. Aligning the LVD with the other NA directives would permit better control through the use of the OJ. The use of international standards (Article 6) and national standards (Article 7) has also come into question. In this... 

The relevant standards have been affected by the standard harmonisation process within the EU through the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC) and through the International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC). Individual parts of BS EN 60079 deal with different aspects concerning electric apparatus for potentially explosive gas atmospheres, namely classification of hazardous areas, electrical installations in hazardous areas (other than mines) and inspection and maintenance of electrical installations in hazardous areas (other than mines). BS 50014 covers general requirements. 

Test methods estabhshed by industrial associations (eg, BSTDA (The Association of the Nonwoven Fabrics Industry) and EDANA (European Disposables and Nonwovens Association), AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists), lEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization), and individual companies... 

The Product Safety Directives are all fairly technical and succinct. Their objective is to provide member states with the guidance needed to adjust or to generate legislation. The Directives refer explicitly to the safety requirements and performance standards drawn up by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and the European Committee for Electrotechnical... 

The safety requirements shall be identical worldwide and must be standardized internationally. This is provided by the lEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). Within Europe national standards can form trade barriers, which must be harmonized. This work is done by CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation). Actually the safety standards for stationary batteries and battery installations are being drafted to become a European Norm. The norms for traction batteries and portable batteries will follow. 

Agreement between the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENEEEC) and the Eederation of European Manufacturers of Batteries (EUROBAT) on cooperation in the field of Electrotechnical Standardization covered by the scope of CENEEEC. 

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. EN 50128 - Railway applications - Communications, signalling and processing systems - Software for railway control and protection systems. CENELEC, Brussels (2001)... 

CENELEC (1999) EN 50126 Railway Applications - The Specification and Etemonstration of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS). European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization... 

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