World starch production

The total production of potato starch is small compared to the total amount of starch produced in the world. An overview of the total production of starch worldwide is given in Table 11.1. 

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Outside of the use of cellulose for papermaking, starch is the most widely used plant-derived carbohydrate for non-food uses. Around 60 million tonnes of raw starch are produced per year for food and non-food uses. The US accounts for most of the world s production, utilising starch from maize, which accounts for over 80% of world production. The starch market in the US is driven by the large isoglucose sweetener market and now increasingly by the growing bioethanol market, which uses maize as a fermentation feedstock. Europe derives most of its starch from wheat and potatoes, which account for 8% and 5% of world starch production, respectively. The other main source of starch is cassava (tapioca), produced in South East Asia. Small amounts of oat, barley and rice are also exploited for starch production. Many edible beans are also rich in starches, but are not commonly exploited for non-food uses. 

Estimated annual world wheat starch production was 2.11 million tons in 1993 and increased to 2.36 million tons in 1996.28 Because of significant expansion in manufacturing capacity in several countries, wheat starch production rose to 4.67 million tons in 2007 (Table 10.2).42 However, this production figure for wheat starch represents only a small fraction of the total world starch production of 60 million tons 41 By raw materials, wheat represents only 8% of world starch production, while potato, cassava and other crops contribute 4%, 14% and 1%, respectively com dominates at 73%. Approximately 52% of world starch is produced in the USA, 17% in the EU and 31% in other places 43 Wheat starch (<0.5% protein) is commercially produced in about 59 manufacturing plants in some 30 countries. The top 10 producers are France, the United States, Germany, The Netherlands, Australia, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Canada, Japan and China. 

Technology, similar to c., is applied in the production of sotghum starch (in world starch production SOOOO mt/a). Steeping is also applied in the manufacture of starches from other cereal crops, such as -> sotghum, rice, barley, oats and -wdieat grain, as well as from legumes. 

The annual world production of potato starch (1999) amounts to 3.15x10 mt of the world starch production of 45 x 10. mt The seasonal character and the geographical location in Europe restrict the prospects of growth. Nevertheless, the unique - starch properties and composition, as well as better environmental performance of manufacture, are responsible for the growth to 1.8 x 10 mt in 1999 in the EU ( from 9 x 10 mt potatoes)... 

P. is the typical technology for isolation of starch from other root and tuber crops, such as t ioca (- cassava), which takes 10% in world starch production (4.5 X 10 mt), sweet potato (the latter is produced at 80000 mt in Japan), arrowroot, and yams. 

The paper industry constitutes the largest single industrial market for starch in the world. If the world production of paper is about 235 MM tons, starch production for paper may be estimated at about 3 MM tons. This recognizes that large volume items such as newsprint and tissue are essentially non-starch users. 

One of the factors that has allowed the rapid post-WW2 expansion of the com starch processing indnstry has been rising agricultural productivity resulting in a steady increase in per capita cereal prodnction, despite the rising world population (Figure 4.5). By the year 2000, starch production estimates are for about 900x10 ton/a, about 75% from com, and with a (1990) value of 80 /ton Also over the... 

Huizenga, R., Mantingh, J., Pomp-De Wit, F., (1998). Amylopectin potato starch products as sizing agents for textile yarns. World Intellectual Property Organization, International Patent Applieation PCT/NL98/00063. 

Table 10.2 Estimated world wheat starch production...

The quantity of barley starch produced around the world is very little when compared to starch production from corn, wheat, rice, potato or tapioca. There are only a few processing plants around the world that produce starch concentrate or purified starch from barley. Barley starch concentrates containing up to —78% (dry basis) starch are now produced in North America by milling and air-classification of barley grains. Milling disintegrates the grain into fine particles and air-classification separates them on the basis of differences in density, mass and projected area in the direction of air... 

The main industrial starch productions are based primarily on four resources maize (76%), cassava (12%), wheat (7%) and potatoes (4%). Other forms of starch represent less than 1%. The main production zones are North America (33%), China (33%), Europe (18%), South Asia (11%) and South America (5%). The following set North America, China and Europe represent in total 85% of worldwide starch production. However, those three only correspond to around one-third of the world s population. 

Despite the efficiency of the manufacture of ethanol from petrochemical feedstocks, much of the world s production is based on a fermentation process. Over the past 75 years in the United States, where the total annual production now stands at just under 4 million tonnes, the source of this basic chemical feedstock has swung away from fermentation to petrochemistry and back again (Table 6.1). The carbon source for the fermentation is glucose derived from starch (see Section 6.6). An even larger quantity, about 9.5 million tonnes, is produced each year in Brazil from cane sugar. Nowadays the prime consumer is the motor car. 

Feed Preparation Ethanol can be produced from a wide range of feedstock. These include sugar-based (cane and beet molasses, cane juice), starch-based (corn, wheat, cassava, rice, barley) and cellulosic (crop residues, sugarcane bagasse, wood, municipal solid wastes) materials. Indian distilleries almost exclusively use sugarcane molasses. Overall, nearly 61% of the world ethanol production is from sugar crops (Berg, 2004). 

First, cassava (also known as manioc, tapioca, and yuca but only Manihot escu-lanta Crantz) is a human food crop. The plant is a short-lived shrub that produces root tubers (resembling potatoes), which are harvested as a starch source in much of the tropical world. Global production in 1990 was estimated in excess of 100 million tons. The toxicity of incorrectly processed (insufficiently leached with water) tubers has been known for at least 400years. The major toxic constituents are reported to be the two cyanogenic glycosides, linemarin, and lotaustralin, whose structures are shown below. 

Starch and other carbohydrate-modifying enzymes hold the second place in world enzyme production behind detergent enz3ones. 

Since the 1940 s, c. is the classical example for practical applications of the ->hybrid breeding technique that makes use of the different gene pools of c. by combining the best fitted individuals to create more vigorous, cold-tolerant and high-yielding varieties, which made c, the no. 1 crop in the US and also the most important feed and starch crop in northern Europe. For food applications, it was necessary to raise the protein content to over 20% and to improve the amount of the essential - amino acids lysine and tryptophane. C. is used for 75% of the world s starch production. For food as well as for technical applications, - amylo-maize starch varieties (high-amylose c.) were bred. 

World production (1984) was 800000 mt, with an increasing tendency due to the worldwide expansion of com starch production. 

The annual world production of com starch is estimated to be 75% of the total starch production of about 37 X 10 mt. 

The entire world production of starch and starch products is in steady increase. It is estimated to be about 45 X 10 mt/a. (not including gasohol), with over the half produced in North America, followed by Asia and the Europe. - Com starch accounts for about 74% (33 x 10 mt) of the production, followed by 10% (4.5 X 10 mt) maniok (tapioka, cassava), 8% (3.6 X 10 mt) of - wheat and 7%... 

World wheat starch production takes the third position (8%) after cassava starch (10%) and com starch (74%). In the EU (1998) w. has reached 1.8 X 10 mt/a this is the second position behind corn and before potato (- starch industry, world). Lit. Seib, P.A., J.applied Glycoscience (Jap.) 41 (1994), 49-69... 

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