Ethanol-isopropanol

Poly(Vinylpyrrolidinone-CO Vinyl Acetate). The first commercially successful class of VP copolymers, poly(vinylpyrroHdinone-co-vinyl acetate) is currently manufactured in sizeable quantities by both ISP and BASF. A wide variety of compositions and molecular weights are available as powders or as solutions in ethanol, isopropanol, or water (if soluble). Properties of some examples of this class of copolymers are Hsted in Table 15. 

Ethanol-isopropanol Close-hoihng Methyl henzoate Alternative to simple distillation... 

Membrane Pervaporation Since 1987, membrane pei vapora-tion has become widely accepted in the CPI as an effective means of separation and recovery of liquid-phase process streams. It is most commonly used to dehydrate hquid hydrocarbons to yield a high-purity ethanol, isopropanol, and ethylene glycol product. The method basically consists of a selec tively-permeable membrane layer separating a liquid feed stream and a gas phase permeate stream as shown in Fig. 25-19. The permeation rate and selectivity is governed bv the physicochemical composition of the membrane. Pei vaporation differs From reverse osmosis systems in that the permeate rate is not a function of osmotic pressure, since the permeate is maintained at saturation pressure (Ref. 24). 

Absorption is widely used as a raw material and/or product recovery technique in separation and purification of gaseous streams containing high concentrations of VOC, especially water-soluble compounds such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, and formaldehyde. Hydrophobic VOC can be absorbed using an amphiphilic block copolymer dissolved in water. However, as an emission control... 

The reaction is generally performed between 0 and 100 °C with the majority of the reactions being mn at reflux. Polar protic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and water are commonly used as solvents. Addition of acid or use of acetic acid as solvent generally helps push sluggish reactions. The use of P-ketoesters as the dicarbonyl partner occasionally requires added base for cyclization to occur to form the pyrazolone. When using alkyl hydrazine salts, base may be required to deprotonate the hydrazine for the reaction to take place. 

The extent of coupling is also influenced by the solvent. In the hydrogenation of aniline over ruthenium oxide, coupling decreased with solvent in the order methanol > ethanol > isopropanol > t-butanol. The rate was also lower in the lower alcohols, probably owing to the inhibiting effect of greater concentrations of ammonia (44). Carboxylic acid solvents increase the amount of coupling (42). 

The direct synthetic process is described in U.S. Patent 2,772,280. A solution of 73.3 g (0.332 mol) of (3-aminoxyalanine ethyl ester dihydrochloride in 100 ml of water was stirred in a 500 ml 3-necked round-bottomed flask cooled in an ice-bath. To the above solution was added over a 30-minute period 65.6 g (1.17 mols) of potassium hydroxide dissolved in 100 ml of water. While the pH of the reaction mixture was 7 to 10.5, a red color appeared which disappeared when the pH reached 11 to 11.5. The light yellow solution was allowed to stand at room temperature for 14 hour and then added to 1,800 ml of 1 1 ethanol-isopropanol. The reaction flask was washed twice with 10 ml portions of water and the washings added to the alcohol solution. The precipitated salts were filtered out of the alcohol solution and the filtrate cooled to 5°C in a 5 liter 3-necked round-bottomed flask. To the cold, well-stirred solution was added dropwise over a 35-minute period sufficient glacial acetic acid to bring the pH of the alcohol solution to 6.0. When the pH of the solution had reached 7 to 7.5, the solution was seeded and no further acetic acid added until Crystallization of the oil already precipitated had definitely begun. The crystalline precipitate was collected on a filter, washed twice with 1 1 ethanol-isopropanol and twice with ether. The yield of 4-amino-3-isoxazolidone was 22.7 g. 

Retinoids are alcohols and accordingly soluble in ethanol, isopropanol, and polyethylenglycol. Major sources of natural retinoids are animal fats, fish liver oil (retinylesters) and yellow and green vegetables (carotenoids). Ingested retinylesters (RE) are hydrolyzed to retinol by enteral hydrolases in the intestine. ROL and carotenoids are absorbed by intestinal mucosa cells. 

Braga et al. ° compared the efficiencies of several processes, i.e., hydrodistillation, low pressnre solvent extraction, and Soxhlet and supercritical fluid extraction. For each process, the inflnences of several parameters (duration, temperature, nature of solvent) were also evalnated. These authors concluded that the Soxhlet method performed with ethanol/isopropanol 1/100 v/v for 2 hr and 30 min was the most effective. Snn et al. nsed solid phase extraction to concentrate (nine times) a... 

Irradiation of alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol, etc.) with maleic acid in the presence of benzophenone or anthraquinone as sensitizer leads to 1 1 addition products<78) ... 

Numjal, N. L. et al., Amer. Inst. Aero. Astronaut. J., 1972, 10, 1345 Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, pentanol or isopentanol do not ignite immediately upon mixing with red fuming nitric acid, but addition of potassium permanganate (20%) to the acid before mixing causes immediate ignition. 

Raney nickel catalyst evaporated with small amounts of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, pentanol, acetone, benzene, cyclohexane or p-dioxane and then heated towards 200°C eventually explodes See 1,4-Dioxane Nickel... 

Solvents (LD, DW, ADW, HC, FC) Prevent separation or deterioration of ingredients in liquid products, dissolve soils, clean without leaving residues Ability to dissolve ingredients Cost Ethanol Isopropanol Propylene glycol 0-50% 0-50% 0-5%... 

Alcohols are hydroxylated alkyl-compounds (R-OH) which are neutral in reaction due to their unionizable (OH) group (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and w-butanol). The hydroxyl of alcohols can displace water molecules in the primary hydration shell of cations adsorbed onto soil-solid and sediment-solid clay particles. The water molecule displacement depends mainly on the polarizing power of the cation. The other adsorption mechanisms of alcohol hydroxyl groups are through hydrogen bonding and cation-dipole interactions [19,65],... 

Soluble in benzene, 1,4-dioxane (Weast, 1986), and acetone (Sax and Lewis, 1987). Moderately soluble in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and some oils (Windholz et al., 1983). Also soluble in toluene. 

Intermolecular Competition Acylation Experiment of Ethanol, Isopropanol and tert-Butanol... 

Ethanol Isopropanol Isopropanol / Ethanol Isopropanol / Water Ethanol / Ethyleneglycol Ethanol / Methanol Ethanol / Water Ethanol / Acetone... 

Acetone-butanol Acetone, butanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butyric acid, acetic acid, C02, H2 Some Clostridium spp. (C. acetobutyicum)... 

A gas-solid chromatographic technique using flame ionization detection and a Porapak Q column has been used for the identification and the determination of ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone in pharmaceutical preparations. The technique involves direct injection of an aqueous dilution of the product, and therefore is simple and direct. 

Lower alcohols (amyl and below) are prepared by (a) hydrogeneration of carbon monoxide (yields methanol), (b) olefin hydration (yields ethanol, isopropanol, secondary and tertiary butanol), (c) hydrolysis of alkyl chlorides, (d) direct oxidation, and (e) the 0X0 process,... 

Analysis of mixts contg acetone, ethanol isopropanol) 10)H.A.Iddle C.E. Jackson,AnalChem 6,454-6(1934) (Acet, as well as other carbonyl compds, reacts quantitatively with 2,4—dinitrophenylhydrazine with formation of solid hydrazone. This procedure seems to be only approximate) 11)E.K.Nikitin, ZhPriklKhim 9,1543-6(1936)(in Fr) ... 

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