Ethanol glycol

Another tempting task is that of replacing toxic methanol with less toxic materials, snch as ethanol, glycol, and similar chemicals, which would necessitate the development of new catalyst variants able to oxidize these snbstances efficiently. 

Oxidation Methanol, ethanol, glycols, glycol ethers... 

As many as 70 products were at one time produced commercially from ethanol. Some of these downstream products are butanol, 2-ethyl hexanol, crotonaldehyde, butyraldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, butadiene, sorbic acid, 2-ethylbutanol, ethyl ether, many esters, ethanol-glycol ethers, acetic anhydride, vinyl acetate, ethyl vinyl ether, even ethylene gas. Many of these products are now more economically made from other feedstocks such as ethylene for acetaldehyde and methanol-carbon monoxide for acetic acid. Time will tell when a revival of biologically-oriented processes will offer lower-cost routes to at least the simpler products. 

There are numerous papers in which the question of stirrer power in gassed liquids has been treated. Although Calderbank [64] as early as 1958 correlated his measurements on stirrer power in gassed liquids (water, ethanol, glycol) in the dimensionless space P/Pq = the first important contribution in this area... 

Synonyms phenoxetol phenoxyethyl alcohol Arosol ethylene glycol phenyl ether i-hydroxy-2-phenoxyethane P-hydroxyethyl phenyl ether ethylene glycol mono phenyl ether phenyl cellosolve phenoxethol phenoxyl ethanol glycol monophenyl ether phenoxytol phenylmonoglycol ether 2-hydroxyethyl phenyl ether p-phenoxyethyl alcohol Dowanol EP Dowanol EPH Emeressence 1160 Emery 6705 rose ether ethanol-2-phenoxy... 

CH3CH2OCH2CH2OH. A colourless liquid with a pleasant odour b.p. 135 C. Manufactured by heating ethylene oxide with ethanol and a catalyst, or by treating ethylene glycol with diethyl sulphate and sodium hydroxide. Used extensively as a solvent in nitrocellulose lacquers. 

Alcohols. Methanol, ethanol, n propanol, propan-i-ol.n-butanol, glycol, glycerol, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol. 

Solvent, wt % Methanol, Ag/AgCl Ethanol, Ag/AgCl 2-Propanol, Ag/AgCl Acetone, Ag/AgCl Dioxane, Ag/AgCl Ethylene glycol, Ag/AgCl Methanol, calomel Dioxane, calomel... 

Sodium peroxide Glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, aniline, benzene, benzaldehyde, carbon di-sulflde, diethyl ether, ethanol or methanol, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, furfural, glycerol, metals, methyl acetate, organic matter... 

Reactions with Alcohols, Mercaptans, and Phenols. Alcohols add readily to acetaldehyde in the presence of trace quantities of mineral acid to form acetals eg, ethanol and acetaldehyde form diethyl acetal [105-57-7] (65). Similarly, cycHc acetals are formed by reactions with glycols and other polyhydroxy compounds eg, ethylene glycol [107-21-1] and acetaldehyde give 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane [497-26-7] (66) ... 

Four buses converted to ethanol started operation in 1979 and the engine used was an OM 352, 6 cylinder, direct injection engine rated at 96,200 watt (129 hp). The ignition improver was -hexyl nitrate [20633-11-8] which was later changed to triethylene glycol dinitrate [111-22-8] (TEGDN). 

Solvents. The most widely used solvent is deionized water primarily because it is cheap and readily available. Other solvents include ethanol, propjdene glycol or butylene glycol, sorbitol, and ethoxylated nonionic surfactants. There is a trend in styling products toward alcohol-free formulas. This may have consumer appeal, but limits the formulator to using water-soluble polymers, and requires additional solvents to solubilize the fragrance and higher levels of preservatives. 

Organic fluids also are mixed with water to serve as secondary coolants. The most commonly used fluid is ethylene glycol. Others include propjiene glycol, methanol (qv), ethanol, glycerol (qv), and 2-propanol (see Propyl alcohols, isopropyl alcohol). These solutions must also be inhibited against corrosion. Some of these, particularly methanol, may form flammable vapor concentrations at high temperatures. 

Commercial lecithin is insoluble but infinitely dispersible in water. Treatment with water dissolves small amounts of its decomposition products and adsorbed or coacervated substances, eg, carbohydrates and salts, especially in the presence of ethanol. However, a small percentage of water dissolves or disperses in melted lecithin to form an imbibition. Lecithin forms imbibitions or absorbates with other solvents, eg, alcohols, glycols, esters, ketones, ethers, solutions of almost any organic and inorganic substance, and acetone. It is remarkable that the classic precipitant for phosphoHpids, eg, acetone, dissolves in melted lecithin readily to form a thin, uniform imbibition. Imbibition often is used to bring a reactant in intimate contact with lecithin in the preparation of lecithin derivatives. 

Although most of the installed solvent dehydration systems have been for ethanol dehydration, dehydration of other solvents including 2-propanol, ethylene glycol, acetone, and methylene chloride, has been considered. 

In addition to these forms of water, several other official aqueous vehicles can be used. These are isotonic injections that can be sterilised, eg, sodium chloride. Ringer s, dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, and lactated Ringer s. Addition of water-miscible solvents such as ethanol or propylene glycol increases solubiUty and stabiUty. 

Aqueous solutions can be stabilized against viscosity loss by addition of 5—10 wt % anhydrous isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, or propylene glycol. The manganous ion (Mn " ) also is an effective stabilizer at concentrations of 10 -10 wt% of the solution. 

Glycol Ethers. Glycol ethers are produced by reaction of propylene oxide with various alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, and phenol. The products are the mono-, di-, and tripropylene glycol ethers. These products are used in protective coatings, inks, textile dyeing, cleaners, antiicing additives for jet fuel, and as chemical intermediates (276). 

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