Estimate breakdown

Machining costs (labor and overhead) in the United States have an estimated value of > 300 x 10 /yr. The cost of labor and overhead for machining is based on the estimated number of total metal-cutting machine tools in various metal-cutting industries (1). This value does not take into account the cost of raw stock (work material), cutting tools, and many other support faciUties. An estimated breakdown of cutting tool costs is given in Table 13 (172). Because of the competitive nature of these industries, most prefer to keep cost information proprietary. 

Table 13. Estimated Breakdown of Cutting Tool Costs...

The construction activities are broken down to reflect the MPS and the appropriation estimate breakdown and "loaded" with the corresponding hours from the estimate. The resulting construction progress curve becomes the base for the in-house monitoring system discussed in Chapter 15. 

THE COMPONENTS OF THE ESTIMATE BREAKDOWN MUST BE QUANTIFIABLE AND SMALL ENOUGH TO BE EASILY COMPREHENDED AND EVALUATED BY SIMPLE OBSERVATION WITHOUT GOING TO THE DETAILS OF COUNTING AND TRACKING NUTS AND BOLTS. ... 

A valid and reasonably accurate list of activities to be performed, consistent with the cost estimate breakdown and "loaded" with the estimated manpower and/or cost for each activity. 

Current Use. Average use of electric current for all purposes has been 11.6 kw.-hr. per pound of ozone generated. From the standpoint of practical operations this is the only figure which is of value therefore, circuits were not metered to break down the use. However, an estimated breakdown indicates the following approximate current uses (kilowatt-hours per pound of ozone) ... 

Department of Health Services staff has estimated that over 700,000 people in 32 towns are either drinking DBCP-contaminated water or have had to seek alternative water supplies (12). The estimated breakdown by county, town, number of wells contaminated, and population served is shown in Table III. 

The preceding discussion In Sections 6 2 and 6 3 enables an estimate of the reactivity requirements and transients to be made The estimated breakdown for the green reactor and the reactor with an average fuel exposure of 7OO MHD/t are shown In Table 6 1 1 ... 

Figure 10.12. Temperature dependence of the ASR of an anode-supported thin-film cell and an estimated breakdown of ASR into individual components. The fuel flow was 241/h( 94% hydrogen, 6% water vapour) and the airflow was 170 l/h. The following values were assumed E cm = 0.94 eV, = 0.8 eV,...

Urea and uracil herbicides tend to be persistent in soils and may carry over from one season to the next (299). However, there is significant variation between compounds. Bromacil is debrominated under anaerobic conditions but does not undergo further transformation (423), linuron is degraded in a field soil and does not accumulate or cause carryover problems (424), and terbacd [5902-51-2] is slowly degraded in a Russian soil by microbial means (425). The half-hves for this breakdown range from 76 to 2,475 days and are affected by several factors including moisture and temperature. Finally, tebuthiuron apphed to rangeland has been shown to be phytotoxic after 615 days, and the estimated time for total dissipation of the herbicide is from 2.9 to 7.2 years (426). 

Includes production reported without a breakdown by end use and estimates for nonrespondents. 

Table 4 gives typical analyses of some of the commercial manganese ores available ia the world market. Table 5 gives a breakdown of the world s total estimated manganese ore reserves that account for 98—99% of the known world reserves of economic significance. No manganese ores of commercial value are to be found ia the United States. 

A reexamination of so-called renewabdity has shown that advantages for oleochemicals are not sufftcientiy clear (115), especially because manufacture of surfactants ia the United States accounts for only 0.03% of aimual cmde oil consumption (62). On these bases, the primary determinants of surfactant choice will continue to be cost effectiveness and availability. The 1993 U.S. market has been estimated to be worth 3.7 x 10 (110). Approximately one-half was anionic surfactant ( 1.8 x 10 ) and one-third nonionic surfactant ( 1.2 x 10 ). The balance was made up by cationics ( 1.2 X 10 ) and amphoterics ( 600 x 10 ). The U.S. International Trade Commission (116) provides a minutely detailed breakdown of surfactant production. 

World production of lead—acid batteries in 1988, excluding the Eastern European central economy countries, has been estimated at 9.45 biUion. The automotive market was 6743 million or 211.6 million units. Industrial battery sales were 2082 million and consumer battery sales were 454 million. Motorcycle batteries accounted for an additional 170 million or 25 million units. Most batteries are produced in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, but smaller numbers are produced worldwide. The breakdown in sales for the three production areas foUows. Automotive battery sales were 2304 million in the United States, 1805 in Western Europe, and 945 million in Japan. Industrial battery sales were 525 million in the United States, 993 million in Western Europe, and 266 million in Japan. Consumer battery sales were 104 million in the United States, 226 million in Japan, and 82 million in Western Europe. More than half of all motorcycle batteries are produced in Japan and Taiwan (1). 

Of the worldwide ethyleneamines capacity, over 50% is EDC-based the balance is rnonoethanolarnine-derived. A complete breakdown of the ethyleneamines capacity by product is not feasible siace most manufacturers can vary production mix to meet market demand. A rough estimate is that EDA represents about 40% of the total production of the family of ethyleneamines. In Europe, the product mix is skewed somewhat more toward EDA. Prices of the principal commercial polyamines ia 1992, ia the United States, are given ia Table 4. 

Electronic coatings are of significant economic importance, as are the finished products in which they go. The worldwide total value of the resulting products is 500 biUion. Table 1 provides a geographic breakdown. The annual electronics coatings market value is estimated to be 5 biUion. These coatings are manufactured in several countries. Some of the principal manufacturers of electronic coatings are... 

Example 8 Calculation of Probability of Eauipment Breakdown The daily chance of a breakdown in a production line operated continuously for 300 days per year is estimated at 1 percent from past performance. Let iis estimate the probability of 4 or more breakdowns in the coming year. 

Capital Costs A typical medium-scale RO seawater plant might produce 0.25 mVs (6 MGD). For a plant with an open sea intake, seawater salinity of 38 g/1, and conversion of 45 percent, the overall cost woiild be 26.5 miUiou (1996). A capital breakdown is given in Table 22-18. Capital charges are site specific, and are sensitive to the salinity of the feed. A plant of this size would likely contain six trains. For seawater RO, the Best estimate for the slopes of the family of lines in Fig. 22-55 is —0.6 for the equipment and 0.95 for the membranes. Capital charges, shown in TaBle 22-19, usually dominate the overall economics the numbers presented are only an example. Seawater economics are based on Shields and Moch, Am. Desalination Assn. Conf. Monterey CA (1996). 

In the early 1990s it was estimated that the geographical breakdown for production capacity was Western Europe 26%, North America 33%, Japan 8%, Eastern Europe 8% and Rest of the World 25%. 

Although similar to polyethylene both in its structure and its properties, polypropylene has developed different patterns of usage. Estimates for the market breakdown in the United States, which are similar to those in Western Europe, are given in Table 11.8. 

SAN is also used for pharmaceutical and cosmetic packaging. Usage breakdown for Western Europe in the early 1990s has been estimated at 28% for household products, 21% for domestic electrical applications, 8% for battery casings, 12% for pharmaceutical/cosmetic packaging and a large figure of 31% for other applications. 

In the late 1990s it was estimated that in Western Europe usage breakdown was as follows ... 

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