Russian soils

Urea and uracil herbicides tend to be persistent in soils and may carry over from one season to the next (299). However, there is significant variation between compounds. Bromacil is debrominated under anaerobic conditions but does not undergo further transformation (423), linuron is degraded in a field soil and does not accumulate or cause carryover problems (424), and terbacd [5902-51-2] is slowly degraded in a Russian soil by microbial means (425). The half-hves for this breakdown range from 76 to 2,475 days and are affected by several factors including moisture and temperature. Finally, tebuthiuron apphed to rangeland has been shown to be phytotoxic after 615 days, and the estimated time for total dissipation of the herbicide is from 2.9 to 7.2 years (426). 

Against this rejection of home, Akhmatova and Pasternak insisted on their rightful place in Rnssia. In the tradition that sees Rnssian literature as part of the social conscience, the inextricable link between the writer, the Russian people, and Russian soil is central to their identity as Russian writers despite their social and cultural marginalization. Already in 1922 Akhmatova declared that I am not with those, who have abandoned their... 

Voronin AD (1984) Structural functional hydrophysics of soil (in Russian). Moscow Univ Press, Moscow... 

Haines TA, Komov VT, Matey VE, Jagoe CH. 1995. Perch mercury content is related to acidity and color of 26 Russian lakes. Water Air Soil Pollut 85 823-828. 

Russian inventors [95] have isolated a strain from the genus Pseudomonas, namely Pseudomonas sp. 45 strain, from the soil area of a gasoline service station and proved to be useful for BDS applications. 

Alford ER, Perry LG, Qin B, Vivanco 1M, Paschke MW (2007) A putative allelopathic agent of Russian knapweed occurs in invaded soils. Soil Biol Biochem 39 1812-1815... 

Molinate has a low toxicity to rats, oral LDso=720 mg/kg, and is rapidly metabolized by plants to CO2 (1) (5) and naturally occurring plant constituents (1). Molinate is also readily metabolized by soil microorganisms (6). After incubation of molinate with Bacillus sp. 24, Nocardia sp. 119, and Micrococcus sp. 22r which were isolated from Russian garden soils and rice field drains (7,8), it was found that molinate was completely degraded into various hydroxy and oxidized products in the medium. Molinate can be metabolized to its corresponding sulfoxide in the mouse in vivo and by the microsome-NADPH system of mouse liver (9, 10). Hubbell et al. (11) and DeBaun et al. (12) also found molinate sulfoxide along with other polar and nonpolar metabolites in rat urine. 

LA-ICP-MS is well suited for monitoring element distribution in annual rings of trees. Annual ring profiles in pine and birch from the Norwegian-Russian border and from northwest Russia measured by LA-ICP-MS as a rapid and sensitive method show the pollution history (especially of the heavy metal content) of the area. No correlation was found between the pollution levels of the soils and the observed metal content in the annual rings by Garbe-Schoenberg et al.20... 

This particular problem was first studied by Stefan (S10), and the general class of solutions of the diffusion equation subject to a free boundary condition, therefore, are sometimes called Stefan problems. An analogous problem in the freezing of moist soils was previously studied, however, by Lame and Clapeyron (LI), and in the Russian literature these problems are sometimes given the rather lengthy soubriquet of Larnd-Clapeyron-Stefan problems. 

Torn, M. S., Lapenis, A. G., Timofeev, A., Fischer, M. L., Babikov, B. V., and Harden, J. W. (2002). Organic carbon and carbon isotopes in modern and 100-year-old-soil archives of the Russian steppe. Global Change Biol. 8(10), 941-953. 

Orlov, D. S. (1985). Humus Acids of Soils. Moscow University Press, translated from Russian, Tan, K. H., ed., Amerind Publishers, New Delhi, India. 

Shutko A.M. (1987). Microwave Radiometry of Water Surface and Soils. Science Publ., Moscow, 190 pp. [in Russian]. 

---